Gardens

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/70258/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
During summer, when a rainbow lorikeet or kookaburra visited your home, what did you do? Did you offer them a slice of apple, or simply watch until they take flight?
It brings many people joy to provide food and water for birds, to encourage them to stay a while and be given the chance to observe them more closely. But some people are reluctant to interact with birds in this way because they’re worried it might damage the birds’ health. 
In contrast with other countries, little research has been done on the effects of feeding birds in Australia. As a result, there are no established guidelines around how to feed and provide water for local birds. 
That’s why we ran the Australian Bird Feeding and Watering Study. We asked nearly 3,000 people to monitor the birds that visited their feeding areas and birdbaths. We wanted to know if there was a difference in the species that visited different types of gardens.
We examined the numbers and types of birds visiting:
<ul>
<li>birdbaths where no food was provided</li>
<li>birdbaths where food was provided</li>
<li>bird-feeders where birdbaths were provided</li>
<li>places where only food was provided.</li>
</ul>
The early results from the winter stage of the Australian Bird Feeding and Watering Study suggest that if you provide food and water, you will get more birds in your garden. But the species you attract will depend on what exactly your garden has to offer. 
Granivores
Granivores are seed-eating birds. They include species such as parrots, crested pigeons, sulphur-crested cockatoos, crimson rosellas and galahs. 
We noticed a spike in the number of granivores in gardens where both food and birdbaths were provided. But when food was on offer, fewer granivores chose to use the birdbath. We don’t yet know exactly why this is, but it could be because these seed-eaters need less water, or they can get it more easily from other sources than they can food.
Also, most of the bird food sold in shops is seed-based. People who buy these products will naturally attract more seed-eating birds to their garden.
We were, however, surprised to see crested pigeons visiting gardens where food was provided. These birds are only recent urban arrivals, and were previously restricted to semi-arid environments as opposed to the more urban areas where most of our citizen scientists lived. But crested pigeons are very adaptable and now compete fiercely for food and territory with the introduced spotted dove in some Australian gardens.
<h2>Nectarivores</h2>
“Small” nectarivores are nectar-eating birds that weigh less than 20 grams. The main birds in this group are New Holland honeyeaters, eastern spinebills and Lewin’s honeyeaters. 
The early results of our study suggest small nectarivores prefer gardens with birdbaths more than their granivore and insectivore friends. In fact, it seems that these small nectarivores like birdbaths so much, they will choose birdbaths over food when both are provided. 
“Large” nectarivores are nectar-eating birds that weigh more than 20 grams. These species including noisy miners, rainbow lorikeets and red wattlebirds – seem to prioritise food over birdbaths. This may be because they’re looking for a source of protein that they can’t easily find in their natural environment. 
Honeyeaters – such as Lewin’s honeyeaters, blue-faced honeyeaters and noisy miners – will forage on nectar but will eat insects as well. They switch from one to the other, but once they have found their meal they will defend it vigorously from other birds. 
<h2>Insectivores</h2>
Insectivores feed on insects, worms, and other invertebrates. Some insectivore species include superb fairy-wrens, willie wagtails and grey fantails.
Insectivores are most attracted to gardens where both food and water are provided. While superb fairy-wrens were frequently found in gardens where food was provided, willie wagtails and grey fantails preferred to visit gardens where only water is provided. 
<h4> </h4>
Many people have told me how confident fairy-wrens and willie wagtails can become around houses and gardens. These tiny birds can be bold and aggressive, and can work together to get what they want. A mum and dad fairy-wrens will conscript their older children into looking after younger ones – and siblings who refuse to help find food and defend territory may even be kicked out of the family. So these tough breeds have a competitive advantage in their new urban environments, and aren’t afraid to mix with or even chase off bigger birds.
You may be wondering exactly what type of seed to put out to attract which granivore, or which meat attracts a carnivore like a Kookaburra. I’m afraid we can’t yet say for sure, as we are yet to analyse the data on this question. Watch this space.
<h2>Could birds become reliant on humans for food?</h2>
Many people worry that birds will become reliant on humans to provide food for them. But this mightn’t be as big a concern as we once though.
The birds turning up at feeding areas and birdbaths are species that are highly adaptable. Many Australian birds live long lives, and relatively large brains when compared to their European counterparts. Some experts have argued that some Australian birds have evolved a larger brain to cope with feast and famine conditions in the Australian environment.
<h4> </h4>
Many Australian bird species can switch easily between estates and gardens in one area, be semi-nomadic, fully nomadic or seasonally migratory. This ability to adapt and switch between diets makes Australian bird species very resourceful, innovative and adaptable. 
Of course, Australia also has birds that have highly specialised diets or habitats, and they’re the ones usually most threatened or limited to one territory – birds like the regent honeyeater or ground parrot. In this study, we’re concentrating on birds that are adapting to urban areas and turning up at birdbaths and feeding areas in gardens. 
<h2>Building our knowledge of bird feeding behaviour</h2>
We plan to develop guidelines around providing food and water for birds in a way that has the highest conservation value for our feathered friends. But before we can do that, we need more data from you. 
So please take part in the summer stage of the study and pass the word around to others who may wish to be involved.
The summer survey will run for four weeks, beginning on January 30 2017. Visit feedingbirds.org.auto download the complete report on our early findings or to register to take part in our summer study.
Grainne Cleary is researcher, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/grainne-cleary-300485" target="_blank">here</a>.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Birdbath, food or water? How to attract your favourite birds to your garden

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/65730/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Spring arrives and the warming weather encourages the plants in our gardens and parks to burst into life, commencing their annual reproductive cycle.
Plants use cues from the weather and climate to time their growth, flowering and fruiting. But as the world heats up due to climate change, these patterns are changing. 
So how is climate change affecting our gardens, and what can we do about it?
<h2>In sync with climate</h2>
Many temperate plants have evolved to reproduce in spring to avoid damage from extreme cold or heat. Warmer conditions tend to speed up these processes, causing plants to grow faster. 
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to synchronise with climate. This means they are excellent bio-indicators of climate change. 
We know from global assessments that most plants studied so far are behaving as we’d expect them to in a warming world. Studies in the Southern Hemisphere have found the same. 
In Australia, plants in southern Australia are maturing earlier – winegrapes, for instance, by 27 days on average between 1999 and 2007. We can see this in wine growers’ records.
Other plants may behave differently. Fruit trees such as apples need cold weather to break buds from their dormant state, before commencing growth when warm temperatures arrive. 
This means after warm winters, such as this one, flowering may actually be delayed. Data from a recent study show potentially delayed flowering for Pink Lady® apples. 
Applethorpe had the warmest spring and flowered first, as we’d expect for most plants. But Manjimup had the second-warmest spring and flowered last, even after Huon, the coldest spring site. This seems counter-intuitive but the delay is likely because Manjimup had the warmest winter. 
<h2>Do these changes matter?</h2>
The earlier emergence of reproductive tissues may increase the risk of devastating frost damage. Contrary to what you might expect, evidenceshows recent warming in southern Australia has not necessarily led to fewer frosts. On the other hand, plants that delay flowering because of warmer winters may reduce their frost risk. 
Shifts in flowering timing, earlier or later, can be problematic for plants that rely on pollination between different varieties. Both varieties must shift flowering in the same way for flowering periods to overlap. If flowering times don’t overlap, pollination will be less successful, producing fewer fruit. 
Bee and bird pollinators must also adjust their activity in sync with changes to flowering time to facilitate pollination. 
Faster maturity may shift ripening into hotter times of year, as seen for wine grapes. This increases the risk of extreme heat damage.
<h2>What about other changes?</h2>
Pests and diseases will also adjust their growth cycles in response to a changing climate. One pest well known to gardeners is the Queensland Fruit Fly (QFF). Their maggots are found in a wide range of fruits. 
Climate change will likely favour fruit flies. Warmer temperatures for longer periods will encourage a higher number of generations each year. Meanwhile, reduced cold weather will mean fewer fruit flies will die, increasing the flies’ survival rates. 
On the other hand, temperate pests and diseases may decrease if warming exceeds their temperature thresholds.
<h2>What can you do?</h2>
What have you observed? Citizen scientists who track the timing of biological events have provided valuable information, especially in Australia, for us to monitor and interpret plant responses to climate change. Keeping garden records will show if and how your plants or pests are changing their patterns. 
If you observe your flowers emerging earlier, coverings can be used to protect against frost. Keep an eye on cross-pollinators – are they flowering together? If not, consider planting a different cross-pollinator. 
Nets are an effective way to reduce heat damage and can also be used to protect against some pests. Setting pest traps according to weather rather than the calendar will help disrupt the first generation and reduce pest impact.
Climate change has already influenced biological responses, perhaps even in your own garden. Seeing these changes in our gardens gives us an insight into the significant challenges faced by our food production systems under a changing climate. 
Adapting to current and future climate change is a reality, and is essential to preserve both the enjoyment we experience in our own gardens and the security of future food supply.
Rebecca Darbyshire is research officer, Climate Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Lecturer, University of Melbourne and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebecca-darbyshire-301038" target="_blank">here</a>.
Snow Barlow is foundation professor of Horticulture and Viticulture, University of Melbourne and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/snow-barlow-256" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Climate change is happening in your garden: here’s how to spot it

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/65226/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Whether you live in an urban apartment or a rural homestead, your outdoor area is more than just a private space. Ecologically, a garden is another jigsaw piece in the landscape. 
Whatever their size, gardens can contribute to natural functions and processes in the local area, such as regulating water drainage, buffering the damaging effects of strong winds, or providing food and shelter for native wildlife. 
Many wildlife species survive in urban areas, but their presence and persistence depend on how specific their food and shelter needs are, how they respond to disturbances, and the quality and quantity of other green spaces in the landscape. 
For larger animals, such as birds and mammals, a home garden could become a stepping stone across an otherwise hostile urban landscape. For smaller animals, such as insects, it could be the centre of their home range.
In urban areas, where space is often limited, gardening with pollinatorsin mind is a simple way to encourage biodiversity in the backyard. And, depending on the surrounding landscape, habitat for pollinators will also be habitat for other animals.
<h2>Flowers are just the first step</h2>
Flowers produce sugar (nectar) and protein (pollen), the main diet for many adult insects and birds. Unlike other insect groups, native beelarvae develop almost exclusively on pollen collected by their parents, so flowers are essential to grow native bee populations.
There is no single best combination of flowers for wild bees. Many “plants for pollinators” lists available online are based on local experiences and rarely apply to all geographic regions. A general rule of thumb for a pollinator garden is one that produces flowers for most of the year and is built on diversity – monocultures of any single flower type or colour will suit only a very small number of generalist species.
Native plants are an ideal option for attracting native pollinator insects and birds, but many garden exotics, especially herbs, fruit and vegetable plants, are just as popular. Modern hybrid varieties should be chosen carefully, as some are bred for commercial fruit or flower traits (like size or colour), but the flowers lack the nectar or scent cues that attract pollinators looking for food. 
<h2>Build it and they will come</h2>
The structure and design of a garden can determine what wildlife species will visit or make a home. Vertical structure, built from multiple layers of different plant heights, provides more spaces for wildlife to co-exist. Small plants and shrubs provide good shelter for insects and very small birds, while larger trees will attract visits from more mobile birds and mammals. 
Large trees with rough or shedding bark that creates lots of cracks and crevices are excellent shelter for insects and small lizards. Trees that produce resins and sap flows, such as conifers, acacias and eucalypts, are also useful for some native bee and wasp species that use resin to seal their nest cells. 
Insect hotels can provide homes for insects that usually nest in dead wood. But only a small proportion of the world’s bee species are wood-nesters. About 75% of bee species dig their nests into the ground, usually in sandy, uncompacted soil, preferably on a slope that won’t get waterlogged. 
It can be difficult to build all of this into small gardens, but many pollinator insects will have home ranges of a few hundred metres, while birds and mammals can travel much further. So landscape composition can also influence the wildlife potential of an individual garden. A high proportion of paved areas can reduce the number of wild bees or native birds in the neighbourhood. Highly manicured green spaces can also have a negative effect on wild bee species. 
<h2>Disrupting the food chain</h2>
Like any ecosystem, gardens involve an intricate web of life, from the soil microbes underground to the birds in the trees. It’s easy to grab the spray bottle to kill off the dandelions and blow down the flies, but what are the knock-on effects?
Many of the animals and plants we think of as a backyard nuisance often provide services we don’t see. For example, many native wasp and fly species (even blowflies!) are pollinators as adults. And as larvae, they control many of the insect pests we see on our plants, or decompose organic wastes. Small reptiles, like geckoes and skinks, mostly feed on small insects that annoy us, like mosquitoes and midges.
Plants we think of as lawn weeds, particularly dandelions and clover, are a favourite food source for native bees and hoverflies. Aphids and scale insects also produce a sugary substance called honeydew as they suck on plants, which is an important sugar source for some beneficial insects like wasps, bees, ants and hoverflies. 
Limiting synthetic chemical use is one of the easiest and cheapest ways to enhance wildlife in gardens. Insecticides can kill beneficial insects, or affect them indirectly by disrupting their metabolism or reproductive cycles. Overuse of herbicides removes important food resources, like dandelions, that pollinators rely on if other flowers are scarce. 
There is also the potential for chemicals to work in combination and have a greater impact.
<h2>Managing gardens as ecosystems</h2>
Many wildlife don’t like regular disturbances, which is why urban areas can be intimidating environments for animals. It can be hard to balance human needs with the habitat needs of wildlife. Many actions that minimise risks for humans can have the opposite effect for wildlife. 
For example, pollinators generally prefer open grassy areas to dark forested areas. In urban environments, grassed areas are often mown regularly for human recreational and safety needs. This affects the availability of flowers for pollinators and also affects the persistence of these plant species. Mowing less often and outside peak flowering times can make a big difference for plants and pollinators. 
Similarly, large old trees are homes to myriad animals. Unless they pose a very real risk of danger to human lives, pruning overhanging branches can be better for the local ecosystem than removing the whole tree. 
Wildlife are rarely deterred by fences, so it is likely that most of the animals you see in your yard are also using your neighbours’ yards. Managing gardens as a collective landscape, rather than individual gardens, can keep wildlife happy while also enhancing neighbourhood communication.
Manu Saunders is post-doctoral research fellow (Ecology), Charles Sturt University and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/manu-saunders-1448" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Birds, bees and bugs: your garden is an ecosystem, and it needs looking after

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One of the loveliest highlights of late spring are the Jacarandas which are now fully in flower across Sydney, even in its back laneways. Highlighted ofcourse in Brett Whiteley's winning entry in the Wynne Prize of 1977. Brisbane's season started earlier being warmer, and there are reports from Perth of their flowering. 
<img src="/images/stories/2013/11/01/jacaranda-nov-1-one.jpg" alt="jacaranda-nov-1-one" width="470" height="309">
Photo courtesy of Pedro Vizcaino Pina<a id="yui_3_11_0_3_1383263603194_841" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrovizcainopina/"></a>/flickr.
But these purple canopies which look superb against the November sky are certainly high maintenance. Our He Said/She Said commentators Jonathan Chancellor and Margie Blok bicker over the garden fence.
HE SAID<img src="/images/stories/2013/09/06/jc-silhouette-5.jpg" alt="jc-silhouette-5" width="150" height="225" style="float: right;">
I adore jacarandas from a distance. It makes flying into Sydney so special at this time of year.
But in the front garden I'd happily settle for a row of gardenias, a grand magnolia and even a good old gum tree in the corner.
I am no jacaranda grouch but the beauty of jacarandas, especially after rain, inevitably becomes the sodden fallen flowers. Not quite as adorable and only tolerable so long as I only have to rake them up the once.
Of course gardening guru Shirley Stackhouse is on my side urging all not to rush out and rake up the spoils - relax and enjoy the double image, she suggested. But easier said than done, especially if the open for inspection crowd are coming through at 10am, and then the mess becomes just another chore. 
Anyway be sure to photograph your property for future listing while jacarandas are in flower as any pictures taken now can be stored ready for future marketing campaigns. Rather than delay any auction listing until the garden looks right, the photos will ensure buyers see the place in full bloom, even if it's not the season.
 
<img src="/images/stories/2013/09/06/mb-silhouette-4.jpg" alt="mb-silhouette-4" width="150" height="225" style="float: left;">SHE SAID
The jacaranda flowering - in something like 49 variations including white - produce such a beautiful uplifting effect across Sydney they ought be forgiven for making a mess.
As Shirley Stackhouse says surely part of the beauty of jacarandas in bloom is the marvellous mauve-blue pool of fallen flowers at the foot of the tree, like a reflection in water.
More robust than normal, the very dry weather seemingly brought them out into an earlier bloom this year. Like nature's clock, they signify shifting into the peak of the spring property market, though I do recall the unseasonably 1992 cold spell  when they were a couple of weeks later than the final week of October. 
Whenever they flower, memories arise of Sister Irene Haxton who ran Sydney's Jacaranda Hospital from 1948 to 1961. She, more than anyone since the first truly successful propagator, pioneer Double Bay nurseryman Michael Guilfoyle, saw to it that the suburbs are ablaze. Mostly down in the Sutherland Shire as the Jacaranda was a maternity hospital at Cronulla where every one of the thousands of babies born were sent home with a jacaranda seedling.
Of course the Hunters Hill peninsula must top the list of jacaranda (Jacaranda Mimosifolia) suburbs which is why I always enjoy jacaranda cruises on the Lane Cove River - this year there's three rivals - <a href="https://www.macleaycruises.com.au/page1.php" target="_blank">MV Macleay cruises</a>; the <a href="https://www.emeraldstar.com.au/Documents/2013/Jacaranda%20Cruises%20Nov%202013.pdf" target="_blank">Emerald Star</a> or <a href="https://buy.shf.org.au/eventListing2?filterMonth=null&amp;filterType=Jacaranda+Cruise" target="_blank">the Harman</a> but sadly none hosted by the horticulturalists Graham and Sandra Ross. I haven't ever spotted the white jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia alba) that Dr George Hewitt imported in 1960 from Brazil, but Jonathan claims he's seen one at Grafton and Bellingen.
Sydneysiders have been busy installing pools, spas, tennis courts and paving into their front and rear gardens with their contractors putting down a long-lasting herbicides to stop the weeds. But be warned these herbicides, carried by the seepage of water under the soil, can be quite damaging to  jacarandas which have fairly shallow roots.
Jacaranda Hill, the 60 hectare Brisbane Valley property at Coal Creek, is the standout current listing - and the marketing shows the splendor of the tree and the 1885 Queenslander homestead. Its for sale through LJ Hooker Esk agent Helen Granzien at $1.5 million.
<img src="/images/stories/2013/11/01/coal-creek-nov-1-one.jpg" alt="coal-creek-nov-1-one" width="470" height="353">
Photo: Coal Creek, Queensland
With no great 2013 listing imagery as yet, dipping back into the late 2012 offerings with jacarandas, I spotted a 1904 Federation cottage at Epping that sold after being listed for December 15 auction through NNW agent Kate Seehusen at $1.06 million. Its photograph (below) truly highlights the importance of taking pics now, for next year, rather than waiting until late spring before the delayed, same season, auction marketing opportunity.
<img src="/images/stories/2013/11/01/epping-nov-1-one.jpg" alt="epping-nov-1-one" width="470" height="262">
Photo: 18 High Street, Epping
Also in Sydney, the Fraser's development at Putney Hill have low rise apartments surrounded by nature, with the buildings named, Jacara, Figtree and Palmera Apartments, designed by Cox Richardson Architects. 
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We would like readers to email and tell us where their favourite jacaranda or group of jacarandas is. Maybe it's a tree in your own garden, or a street or park planting. Maybe you are selling it! Let us know. 
 
 
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Blooming jacarandas set late spring property market ablaze

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First impressions are crucial for properties, particularly when it comes to selling or renting them out. If you have an ugly facade, then you're shooting yourself in the foot.
That initial photo that goes onto the listings website, and the way that prospective buyers see your home as they drive past or come for an inspection, will really affect your ability to sell or lease the home. 1) A clear pathway If you don't already have a path to the front door of your property then it's time to put one in. A pathway provides the eye somewhere to go, helps bring in a sense of welcome to a property and draws the buyer in. It also assists homes where the front door isn't in the middle of the home, or where the property is turned sideways on a block. Minimise confusion and give them less to think about when they view your home. While this could be done with cement, a quick fix is to use nice pavers, that can be picked up from Bunnings or a local garden centre, to provide the suggestion of a path. This will save you time, and money, and can be done in a way that suits the house. Plain, square pavers will look appropriate for a modern house, while circular or off-sized pavers can work well for something a little more rustic. If you already have a path, it might just be in need of paving paint or a thorough tidying up, which brings us to point two. 2) Clean, clean and more cleaning A lot of problems can be solved with a really thorough cleaning. While this isn't anyone's favourite task, cleaning properly can save you a lot in money that you might otherwise have spent sprucing the place up. Get yourself a pressure hose cleaner and set about thoroughly washing down paths, driveways and even the walls of your property. Be sure to check the instructions to make sure the pressure will not do damage to any specific materials you have on your property, but the majority of the time it will do marvellous things for your home. Get out a bucket and make sure to clean the windows and the front door. Leave it sparkling. 3) Garden furniture A lot can be done with a simple bit of furniture. If you have a lot of space in your front, or even a nice cosy area, a few pieces of garden furniture could show a buyer or renter how they might use the space. It may be a bench on the porch or a table and chairs tucked away, but anything that shows the space as functional is worthwhile. Also don't forget solar lights that can help provide a bit of an uptick for the property for buyers who will drive past in the evening (and keen buyers certainly will), or lights that can provide a bit extra for an overcast showing. Lastly, some shiny new features can also do well. A gleaming house number, knocker, door mat, and perhaps a new handle can help show off your home. Consider a new mailbox as well - a small investment that can provide a major boost. These can be purchased fairly cheaply, without looking it.
Remember to consider who is purchasing or likely to rent. A dog kennel, or children's play equipment, may also show how an area is useable, but it must suit your target demographic. 4) Gardening Less is more for your front yard. If you have overgrown shrubbery, weeds and lawn - it's time to cut it back. Reducing bushes in the front garden may also open up the front windows, and thus the inside of the house, to some natural light. You should be able to do much of the manual labour in this respect yourself - mainly requiring pulling out the uglier plants. Some of your nicer plants may, however, just need moving. If you haven't got green thumbs, then it might be worth handing over a few hundred dollars to a landscaper for some expertise in planting and placement. Getting a couple of pot plants for your front door, or to plant around focal areas - as well as to inject colour - can be the boost you need. This is worth doing a few weeks, if not a month or so, in advance to provide the plants time to grow in to their new surroundings and for any lawn issues - such as bare patches - to be attended to. Ensure regular watering over this time. 5) Fencing If you haven't got an exterior fence, or if yours is fairly worn, it may be the last thing on your list to focus on - however, it isn't the last thing potential buyers look at. Families with children and pets, or who may want them in the future, look very kindly on fencing. Similarly, they give a sense of security to homes that is also desirable. If you're offering your property to renters with pets, this is also worth a look. Fix your fencing, or look to install some, for an added tick on buyers' and renters' lists.
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jduke-EHk3XBmHkn

Five ways to spruce up your property's exterior for added value

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Renowned Musk Farm has been listed for sale by May 31 onsite auction through the Pat Rice &amp; Hawkins agency.
Selling agent Matt Childs anticipates the Musk Farm cottage on 1.2 hectares will <a href="https://www.realestateview.com.au/Real-Estate/11-school-road-musk/Property-Details-buy-residential-7025401" target="_blank">fetch $1 million plus</a>.
A 30 hectare farm lot in the acclaimed Daylesford, central Victoria district is also expected to fetch $550,000 plus.
Interior designer Stuart Rattle and cattle farmer Michael O'Neill, partners for 16 years, paid $93,000 in 1998 with a $76,000 mortgage, for what was to become their expanded renovated Musk Farm masterpiece.
The 32 hectare property started as a derelict garden overun with blackberries. 
But taking their inspiration from the English Arts and Crafts movement of Edwin Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll, the couple set about its restoration starting with the planting of hydrangeas outside the 1880s old school house.
It would end with the garden divided into 14 distinct garden rooms, joined by interconnecting walkways, and separated by large clipped hedges, English Box (Buxus sempervirens) and viburnum (Viburnum spp) and Ligustrum vulgare (Privet). It shone even in winter.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/musk-farm-april-17-eight.jpg" alt="">
Source: Facebook
Title Tattle gleans Stuart Rattle had been reluctant to buy the property when he and good mate, Paul Bangay undertook their first inspection drive-by.
It looked like a municipal park with too much asphalt, but returning at twlight Rattle sensed the opportunity and he was always of the later opinion that the home was best in late afternoons. 
It was a compact cottage after installing lower ceilings and its paintwork created the rich, moody and broody feel that he had once seen at florist Kevin O'Neill's Mount Macedon retreat.  
The English kitchen comes with oak cabinetry made by craftsman Kim Moir.
The cottage had the potential of the nearby pastures acquired for Michael O'Neill's passion, a herd of British White cattle he set about to save when the once common breed shrunk to only 400 breeding cows in Australia.
With their white coats, black noses and long black eyelashes, the cows stood out on the green hill that dominates the expanding holding, which was bought in 2003. The beef was sold to top restaurants, such as the Lake House in Daylesford, and through farmers' markets. Michael came from a long line of vets in Ireland's County Cork. The farm lot comes with pine plantation, a character filled barn, hay shed, cattle yards, chicken coop, small orchid and a terraced vegetable garden. 
Visitors were very welcome at Musk's regular garden open days. Title Tattle recalls Pixie Skase was a devotee. There was the reminder of her in the pair of Hermes ashtrays with Islamic motifs. Susan Bittar, the Arthur Anderson accountant, had Rattle decorate her Georgian home among the many commissions by Melbourne's prominent families.
But before the hydrangeas were at their peak last year, Stuart Rattle was found dead in his burnt-out two storey Malvern Road, South Yarra apartment on December 9, 2013.
It was in his abode at the back of his shop, an infill concrete box with mansard roof which Nerida Piggin once described as a soothing spacious retreat. It had been built by his builder father, Ken with intricate coffered ceiling. Rattle often said he was following in the footsteps of other designers, like Nancy Lancaster from Colefax and Fowler and Coco Chanel who also lived above their shops.  
Within four days police charged his partner, Michael O'Neill, with his murder after a suspicious fire, alleging that he killed him through asphyxiation five days prior at the city apartment.
O'Neill remains remanded in custody due to return to court on June 5 for a committal mention hearing.
Stuart Rattle, who grew up on a farm at Wakool, saw himself as one of Australia’s leading interior designers, the sole designer within his company supported by skilled artisans who transformed inspiration into reality.
But he maintained he was not there to impart his own style – "my focus is always to bring out my clients."
"A home should represent who lives there," he believed. And at Musk the whole house certainly evolved around the Aga stove.
"Interiors are above all sophisticated and highly attuned to each client’s lifestyle and personality."
But for Rattle scale, proportion and elegance transcended the current trends as he endeavoured to construct timeless spaces with an emphasis on comfort and restraint. In July 2012, a custom-designed furniture range was launched by Rattle in collaboration with Mortice &amp; Tenon.
Before his death he'd just finished refurbishing the drawing room at Musk Farm, after the ornate plaster ceiling arrived in four large panels. Then there was the Watts of Westminister birds wallpaper. The antique fire mantel was sourced in London. The Mulberry Floral Bouquet fabric on the sofa and some antique Persian blanket cushions. Brunschwig &amp; Fils 'Argonne Lampas' fabric on the Gainsborough Chair.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/musk-farm-april-17-one.jpg" alt="">
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/musk-farm-april-17-five.jpg" alt="">
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/musk-farm-april-17-six.jpg" alt="">
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/musk-farm-april-17-seven.jpg" alt="">
Source: Facebook
In May last year the Governor of Victoria, Alex Chernov, and Mrs Chernov, on an official visit to Hepburn Shire, popped in to see the farm. (pictured below) Only last November the late interior designer and his partner proudly opened Musk Farm to the public to raise money for further restoration of Wombat Hill Botanic Gardens in nearby Daylesford. Stuart had been a very active supporter of the Botanic Gardens, repairing and restoring its rustic cascade, the Victorian Fernery and its irrigation works.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2014/04/17/chernov%20april%2017%20one.jpg" alt="">
 
Source: Facebook
But within three weeks he was dead. His partner Michael O'Neill awaiting trial for his alleged murder. Their assets were subsequently frozen, by Supreme Court of Victoria order, and only able to be sold with the court's approval. Katrina Lewin, one of Rattle's sisters, has been appointed interim administrator of his estimated $4.2 million estate.
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/stories/2014/02/21/crop-feb-21.png" alt="crop-feb-21" width="470" height="291">
  School Road at Musk has just the six properties. All up Musk has around 130 properties, once described by The Age as a sleepy blip on the map.
Barcaldine House, at 238 Dairy Flat Road with 15 hectares and a 60-square-metre homestead, was perhaps the most known given its cellar door operations. 
The hamlet's last celebrity sale was in 2006 when the television personality and interior designer Tonia Todman sold the four hectare farm which she bought in 1998 to use as a weekender with partner Michael Dowding. They refurbished in a style that Todman described as "French provincial meets New Hampton via Daylesford". 
Todman's four-bedroom house with Castlemaine stone fireplace was surrounded by a stone-fruit orchard and a small olive grove plus nut trees, a vegetable garden and plantings of herbs, roses, lavender and bulbs on soil classed as chemical-free. The Todman property at 90 Currys Road was listed with Morley Real Estate who were quoting $730,000-plus, and secured $660,000.
 
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Musk Farm, the Stuart Rattle, Michael O'Neill garden estate listed for auction

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Property owners with green thumbs will be out in full force over the Anzac Day break. With a long weekend up your sleeve, here are 10 tips to beautify your garden and add value to your property.
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<li>
Get weeding The least glamorous part of gardening is also the first task you need to tackle this weekend. Prise the plants from the paving and cull the clover before you get to the fun parts. Weed seeds often inhabit the ground beneath existing plants, so you’ll have to regularly dig out weed sprouts in addition to applying weed killer for a fair few months. If you are tempted to let things get a bit wild, make sure you tend to the weeds before they go to seed. 
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Purge the pests Slaters, snails, bugs and birds will all take a bite out of your garden if you give them a chance. If you have fruit plants which you’re planning to harvest, try throwing some nylon netting over to keep birds away. You can take the netting off once harvest season is over to let the birds get at any spoiled or unused fruit, and they’ll also take care of lots of the bugs that plague your crop. Good planning can also keep the nasties away, with some plants deterring insects. If you’re going to try to kill some bugs, try to use natural pesticides where possible. 
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Super soil Now’s the time to get the fundamentals right. This weekend, you can set up a worm farm to aerate your soil. A starter kit will set you back about $50. You can also start a compost heap that will fertilise your soil in the months to come. Commitment is the key to good compost. Make sure you have a designated scrap bucket to contribute to the heap every day, and turn your compost regularly. 
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Feed and fertilise Most plants enjoy a good feed, but with seasonal demands, timing is everything. Research what your plants need coming into winter. Azaleas and Camellias will benefit from a small dose of watered in cow manure, but other plants will need less food before the cold season. 
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Prune those plants Now’s the time to lop off any rosehips and dead flowers. Trim back spent flower heads, and remove any branches that are clearly dead to the world. In between plants, rinse of your secateurs to prevent spreading any disease. 
</li>
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Go shopping Had big plans for al fresco dining that never quite materialised? Now’s the time to pick up some garden furniture, with demand (and prices) dipping after the summer rush. Before you head out, make sure you measure the available space and have a clear idea of what you want and can afford. 
</li>
<li>
Plan and plant Here’s the fun part: planting. If you’re set on laying down some new plants this autumn, make sure they’ll survive the winter. What’s best will depend on your climate, so take the time to check out one of the many autumn planting guides online. For much of the country, beetroots, silverbeet and lettuce will all do well if you’re after an edible garden. 
</li>
<li>
Be water wise Australian buyers are increasingly becoming aware of <a href="/expert-insights/gardens-exteriors/29503-buyers-want-water-wise-gardens" target="_blank">the need to conserve water</a>.  Now is the perfect time to buy and install a rainwater tank if your property has the room. With the winter rains on their way, a rainwater tank installed now will collect plenty of water for the dry summer months. 
</li>
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Sweep Once you’ve done all the fun stuff, it’s time to clean up. Clear the garden paths, the footpath in front of your house and the driveway. You’ll be surprised what a quick tidy up can do for your home. Now that autumn leaves are starting to fall, a quick regular sweep once a week will save you a lot of time further down the track. 
</li>
<li>
Fix up that fence Side fence sagging? Perhaps that picket fence that looked so friendly when you first moved in is starting to rot. Replace and repair any rotted or broken sections of your front fence, and collaborate with your neighbours to fix the boundary that’s been falling down for the past ten months. While you’re at it, oiling the squeaky gate will only take 30 seconds.
</li>
</ol>
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jrichardson-uRX5hFdKfN

10 tips to beautify your garden this weekend

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A recent suggestion from Turf Australia president Anthony Muscat is for developers to offer a landscaping package or rebate to their home buyers. Is this something that you would look for?
Following the lead of large-scale developers Lend Lease, Peet and Newland Developers, who offer rebates for the inclusion of turf in their home developments, Muscat said that a high return on investment for the environment and as a purchase is the driving factor behind the inclusion of lawn.
Mirvac and Stockland are among those who encourage the installation of lawn.
While<a href="/news/vic/28487-analysis-can-laying-turf-really-increase-your-propertys-value-by-75000" target="_blank"> Property Observer has previously examined the questionable added value achievable by adding turf</a>, the concept of a rebate may make the idea more attractive to home buyers.
“More people should be taking advantage of these landscaping rebates. The value of turf is starting to be reflected more in the home development and real estate industry – and rightly so, when you consider how much it gives back to the environment, not to mention the value it can add to your home,” Muscat said.
“The natural benefits of turf are exceptional – it helps reduce soil erosion; improves drainage assistance; helps reduce ambient noise, heat and pollution, including a reduction of the ‘heat island’ effect around built up urban areas. Turf also adds aesthetic value, quality of living and provides a great space for family."
According to the director of national landscaping company The Gardenmakers, David Bambridge, those who offer this rebate can save homebuyers 30% to 40% in landscaping fees.
"I’ve found that there is an increasing demand by consumers for well designed and installed turf and green spaces in larger developments - particularly in commercial and civil projects. This demand is also at a high level in medium and high-density residential projects that I’ve worked on,” Bambridge said.
Developers can minimise the price and the effort required, due to the nature of buying in bulk for lawn and turf, and the requirement of bringing in a landscaper individually.
Landscape NSW &amp; ACT Association representative Joanne Auilina noted that they also encourage home and landscaping developers to incorporate appropriate lawns for the climate - something that individual home owners don't always consider.
“We’re seeing that more developers are recognising the wide range of landscaping benefits that turf offers and it’s becoming more of a front-of-mind consideration, especially with residential property developers. Landscapers at the LNA are strong advocates of the movement,” she said.
{module Do you think developers should offer a rebate for landscaping?}
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Do you think developers should offer a rebate for landscaping?

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The historic Mount Macedon estate, Alton was passed in on a $5 million vendor bid at its weekend auction.
The property known for its botanic gardens, was offered by vendors mining executive Eduard Eshuys and his wife, Marjorie who restored its 1870s-built Venetian Gothic house.
Gardens make up four hectares of<a href="https://www.alton-mountmacedon.com" target="_blank"> the 10.5-hectare holding</a>.
It also has a small farm and an 1870s-built Venetian Gothic home, known as the gingerbread house.
Established by Sir George Verdon, at various times Victoria’s treasurer and Agent General, it was subsequently owned by Judge Hood and then by George Nicholas, the co-founder of ASPRO, this property has been always been prominent in the minds of Victorians.
The Eshuys' bought the estate in 1997 from Coles Myer-owned ­company Silver Meadows.
Its listing agent Jock Langley of Abercromby, who had the property in conjunction with Lindsay Hill Real Estate, Mount Macedon, had been issuing price guidance that other sales in the area had averaged about $380,000 per acre.
The property at 239 Alton Road, Mount Macedon, Alton was marketed as among the finest hill station estates. The hill stations concept comes from are high-altitude towns in India used, especially by European colonialists, as a place of refuge from the summer heat.
The garden includes 24 National Trust recognised trees.
The road's last sale was $3.25 million when the seven hectare estate, the 1870s <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-vic-mount+macedon-112416011" target="_blank">Duncraggan</a> sold last June.
The highest sale for the district was when Fosters brewery group secured $8.17 million in 2005 when the Gribbles Group director, Wallace Cameron bought the 8.8 hectare Sefton estate at Mount Macedon.
Built by <a href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/baillieu-william-lawrence-willie-5099" target="_blank">William (Willie) Lawrence Baillieu as a summer retreat early in the century</a>, the property included a nine-tee golf course, tennis court and croquet lawn.
It was offered at $12 million without success in 2010. 
It has an <a href="https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictoria/gid/slv-pic-aab45596" target="_blank">English garden</a> influenced by noted Royal Botanic Gardens directors Baron von Mueller and W. R. Guilfoyle.
<a href="https://www.fionabarkerdesign.com.au/folio/residential/sefton/" target="_blank">The Sefton interiors were done by Fiona Barker Design</a>.
Mount Macedon's first $1 million plus acreage sold in the late 1980s.
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Alton, 1870s Mount Macedon garden estate passed in

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Kiloren, the six-hectare Southern Tablelands property with Edna Walling gardens, has been relisted for sale. 
It was installed in 1951 around the three-bedroom Crookwell house designed by architect John Mansfield for the Broadbent family. Walling was familiar with the climate given her Markdale, Binda commission for the Ashton family in the late 1940s. 
The Kiloren garden has been in the care of gardening author Jennie Churchill and her husband, vet Rob Churchill, for more than three decades.
<a href="https://www.drewlindsay.com.au/?property=kiloren-southern-tablelands" target="_blank">Drew Lindsay Real Estate is seeking </a>$1.2 million.
The six-hectare Crookwell property comes with one of the most intact Edna Walling gardens.
 Its classic Walling features include basalt walls and pathways softened by relaxed planting. 
Walling described it as one of her less formal designs. She believed that landscape architects should be involved from the earliest stage of the project when she worked around the house under construction on a bare hillside with just one tree. 
She brought plants from her own nursery at Bickleigh Vale, near Melbourne. There is a cottage within the grounds. 
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