Construction

The prominent Sunshine Coast developer Cube Developments has launched their own&nbsp;construction arm in an attempt to cruise over the&nbsp;currently problematic&nbsp;Australian&nbsp;construction industry.

Cube Constructions will be led by&nbsp;Michael Crocker,&nbsp;whose long career saw him lead the likes of Hutchinson Builders and NCM Constructions.

Director of Cube Developments Scott Juniper said taking the builds of upcoming projects in-house was a natural evolution for the company due to the team&rsquo;s expert mix of design, build, trades and consultancy.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=109813 project_image_fid=196625]

&ldquo;Our team has a strong history of delivering high-quality projects across the Sunshine Coast. Couple this with the long running expertise that Michael brings to the venture as Head of Construction, we are confident that we are in the best position to deliver our projects from start to finish,&rdquo; Juniper said.

&ldquo;We&rsquo;re looking forward to giving both existing and new purchasers the confidence that when they sign an off-the-plan contract that it&#39;s something that can and will come to fruition, and in a timely manner.&rdquo;

With a recruitment drive underway, Crocker said the new venture will create plenty of new jobs in the region, including project managers, safety officers and site foreman.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=89721 project_image_fid=172110]

&ldquo;Following the huge demand for property experienced here on the coast over the last 18 months, we have more than 500 residences in the pipeline across five Cube Developments projects, all of which will be built by Cube Constructions,&rdquo; Crocker said.

The first project to commence under Cube Constructions is Nature by Cube in Cotton Tree with works scheduled to start mid-July, followed by the construction of Oasis in Bokarina Beach and Seasons by Cube in Birtinya.

The announcement comes at a critical time in the Australian building sector, with over 16 large firms having collapsed since 2021, leaving developers with unfinished projects, thousands of Australians without jobs and just as many would-be homeowners empty handed.

Cube Constructions will be led by Michael Crocker, whose long career saw him lead the likes of Hutchinson Builders and NCM Constructions

Joel Robinson

Sunshine Coast developer Cube launch construction arm

Lendlease Development has appointed the local Melbourne builder, Balmain &amp; Co, to construct their latest Richmond project, Gramercy Terraces.

The industrial brick fa&ccedil;ade will be built by the Melbourne construction company, which has previously collaborated with SMA Projects and CDG Developments.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=95458 project_image_fid=169945]

&ldquo;A trusted development team has never been more important than now. Lendlease and Bates Smart have partnered seamlessly to present Gramercy Terraces to be delivered by Balmain &amp; Co over the next 12 months&quot;, Bracken Hall&#39;s Andrew Hall said.

&quot;With only two of 14 [townhouses] remaining, the market has seen what we saw, impeccable design and finish in iconic Bendigo St&quot;, Hall added.

Shaped by the heritage precinct of Bendigo Street, the three and four-bedroom freehold homes are designed to deliver grand floorplans and refined contemporary finishes.

Formerly the grounds of &lsquo;Studio Nine&rsquo;, and once the site of the Wertheim Piano Factory, the development&rsquo;s namesake is a nod to music legends and the rich musical history of the site.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=95458 project_image_fid=169942]

Each residence, designed by architects Bates Smart, features grand floorplans and offer unrivalled space in an exclusive Richmond setting.

Residences in the inner-city development start from $1.945 million, with prices reaching $2.245 million for a four-bedroom townhome.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=95458 project_image_fid=169940]

With construction commencing later this year and just two properties remaining, this is the last chance for prospective buyers to secure a home at Gramercy.

[smartcode_project_cta: project_id=95458]

Lendlease Development have appointed Balmain & Co to construct their latest Richmond project, Gramercy Terraces

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Balmain & Co appointed to construct Lendlease’s Gramercy Terraces in Richmond: All but two townhouses snapped up

Construction has kicked off&nbsp;on Due North, the Preston&nbsp;apartment development by the Melbourne property developer, Caydon Property.

Ironside has been appointed as the construction partner for Due North, having previously worked with Caydon on the Preston Windsor &amp; Co project, six-level building of 125 apartments..

Caydon said they are&nbsp;excited&nbsp;to work with Ironside again, a company that has an successful track record in creating quality apartment buildings.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5502 project_image_fid=155335]

&ldquo;As a leader in multi-residential apartment developments, Ironside has shown strong growth year-to-year in the small to medium size residential space,&quot; a spokesperson for Caydon said.

&ldquo;We have every confidence that Ironside will bring their incredible experience, attention to detail, craftsmanship, and enthusiasm to this project.&quot;

Completion for Due North is slated for mid-2023, with groundworks, including excavation and basement retention, have already begun.

Luke Skurrie, the managing director of Ironside, said the company embraced the opportunity to partner with Caydon once again.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5502 project_image_fid=155342]

&ldquo;Ironside are thrilled to be awarded Due North. We look forward to delivering another quality development as we continue to build a better Melbourne with&nbsp;Caydon,&quot; Skurrie said.

Located in the hive of Preston South, the focal point of Due North is its impressive rooftop amenity level, complete with a swimming pool with views back to Melbourne.The 12-level develop is located on the popular High Street, jusut 20 minutes from the Melbourne CBD.

Once complete, Due North will home 107 one, two and three-bedroom apartments and three ground-level retail spaces.&nbsp;Over 50 per cent of apartments in the building have already sold.

[smartcode_project_cta: project_id=5502]

Ironside has been appointed as the construction partner for Due North, having previously delivered the Preston Windsor & Co project with Caydon

Caydon Property appoint Ironside to construct Preston apartment development, Due North

The latest Melbourne lockdown has led to some strong enquiry at Omnia, the&nbsp;Moorabbin development in Melbourne&#39;s south-east developed by Shenfield Property.

The one, two and three-bedroom apartments and townhomes are&nbsp;now sold 50 per cent sold.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=29048 project_image_fid=151676]

Noorden Property director David Lamond attributes this to the generously sized floorplans available at Omnia, ranging from 52 sqm to as large as 185 sqm, which are larger than what is typically on the market.

&ldquo;It is a win-win all the way&rdquo;, he said.

Situated at 4-6 Horscroft Place, Omnia is delivered by boutique developers Shenfield Property and designed in collaboration with Roger Brayshaw Architects.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=29048 project_image_fid=151679]

Most of the apartments at Omnia face North, offering discerning buyers an abundance of natural light.

The developers are expecting demolition to start during September, with construction to begin shortly after.

With the exception of one buyer, all purchasers so far have been owner-occupiers with some future residents even purchasing two side-by-side to create an even larger residence.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=29048 project_image_fid=80698]

The Shenfield Property development defines modern comfort and style, with proportioned interiors designed by Aldona Padjak and a great selection of living spaces.

Omnia&rsquo;s park frontage lays the foundation for its environmental consciousness, featuring energy-efficient design and an appealing pocket park on the North side of the building, created by Wallbrink Landscape Architecture.

According to the developers, project completion is on track for October 2022, with Shenfield Property leading the building process.

[smartcode_project_cta: project_id=29048]

The latest Melbourne lockdown has led to some strong enquiry at Omnia, according to Noorden Property director David Lamond.

Melbourne lockdown sees Omnia, Moorabbin apartments hit 50% sold, construction to start

Construction has commenced on Lincoln Apartments, the fourth apartment development by property developer Cedar Woods at its Williams Landing masterplanned community in Melbourne&rsquo;s west.

Figurehead Construction has been appointed as the builder for Lincoln Apartments, having previously delivered multiple projects for Cedar Woods across its Victorian communities.

Cedar Woods development director, Callum Knight, joined Figurehead managing director, Joe Grasso, on-site recently for the project&rsquo;s official sod turn.

<figure><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/pictures/article-images/210520_lincoln_sod-turn_cal_joe2-crop_1.jpg" rel="gallery-all" title="f Callum Knight, development director at Cedar Woods and Joe Grasso, managing director at Figurehead Construction, breaking ground at the project site"><img alt="" class="image-article-full-width-580px" height="541" src="/s3/files/styles/article_full_width_580px/public/pictures/article-images/210520_lincoln_sod-turn_cal_joe2-crop_1.jpg?itok=RSSD7Mno" title="f Callum Knight, development director at Cedar Woods and Joe Grasso, managing director at Figurehead Construction, breaking ground at the project site" width="580" /></a>

<figcaption>Callum Knight, development director at Cedar Woods and Joe Grasso, managing director at Figurehead Construction, breaking ground at the project site.</figcaption>
</figure>

&ldquo;Our Lincoln project has started construction at an exciting time as we continue to create local jobs and support the construction industry,&rdquo; Knight explains.

Designed by DKO Architecture, the five-storey building will include 69 apartments and features in-house amenities including a gym and a communal rooftop recreation area for residents to enjoy.

Buyers get the opportunity to tailor their apartments, with light or dark palette options of textured timbers, honed stone, loop pile carpet and large format porcelain tiles.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=27675 project_image_fid=70623]

Lincoln Apartments is located within the town centre and will be a short walk from the Williams Landing shopping centre, train station, restaurants and the growing commercial office hub.

According to Knight, amenity has been a key driver in the popularity of the project.

&ldquo;We have developed Lincoln as a project that offers everything residents could possibly need. Being located within the town centre and having access to in-building amenity, purchasers are taking advantage of the value on offer.&rdquo;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=27675 project_image_fid=70625]

Following the ground-breaking of Lincoln Apartments, Cedar Woods has launched a series of boutique apartment stages in response to market demand from owner-occupiers for low-rise, suburban living.

Positioned as one of Wyndham&rsquo;s preeminent suburbs, once completed, the $2 billion masterplanned Williams Landing community will be home to 2,400 dwellings, as well as a thriving commercial and retail precinct.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=27675 project_image_fid=70626]

Located just 20 kilometres from Melbourne&rsquo;s CBD Williams Landing offers a diverse housing mix, train station, shopping, dining, parklands and office precinct, and has created demand from first home buyers, to downsizers and investors who saw the growth potential of the suburb.

Construction completion for Lincoln Apartments is slated for mid-2022.

[smartcode_project_cta: project_id=27675]

Construction has commenced on Lincoln Apartments, the fourth apartment development by property developer Cedar Woods at its Williams Landing masterplanned community

Construction commences at Cedar Woods’ fourth Williams Landing apartment development, Lincoln Apartments

Astute property investors are recognising the potential of Sydney property, with its numerous amenities, leading universities and great employment opportunities.

As free-standing home prices surge and approvals to build new houses reach record highs, homebuyers are looking to the off-the-plan apartment market to find savings on brand-new luxury developments.

For many buyers, a downside to off-the-plan purchases include the long wait for construction but with many projects expected to reach completion before the end of the year, Urban has decided to take a look at five soon-to-be-completed developments offered in Sydney.

1. Georgette, Schofields 
Developer: Positive Investment Enterprise 
Two-bedroom apartments from $535,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=32227 project_image_fid=93945]

Kew Schofields second stage, Georgette, is expected to reach completion later this year, with 137 apartments available in one and two-bedroom configurations.

Designed by PBD Architects, residents can enjoy light-filled apartments in Sydney&rsquo;s fast-growing north-west.

Delivering a change of scenery from the bustling city setting, Georgette is set amongst lush green spaces for privacy and natural beauty.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=32227 project_image_fid=93951]

Each apartment boasts extended gardens, ample storage and, in partnership with Tesla, state-of-the-art energy and storage innovations.

2. 180 George, Parramatta 
Developer: Meriton 
Two-bedroom apartments from $715,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=8590 project_image_fid=71711]

Hailed as Parramatta&rsquo;s tallest residential tower, 180 George is a new world-class development that brings beautiful residences with luxury amenities.

Set to reach completion in December, the 767-apartment tower features communal open space, rooftop gardens, a sundrenched podium terrace and barbeque area.

The 1,200 sqm podium gardens complement the adjoining 58-level hotel suites tower.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=8590 project_image_fid=71714]

Within walking distance is the Westfield Parramatta, Parramatta Park and a diverse range of bars and restaurants that line Church Street.

3. Ed.Square, Edmondson Park 
Developer: Frasers Property 
Two-bedroom apartments from $620,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5995 project_image_fid=78734]

Estimated to reach completion in December 2021, Ed.Square is the latest innovation from Fraser Property that is set to deliver new net zero energy demand homes.

Situated in Sydney&rsquo;s south-west suburb of Edmonson Park, the homes will produce more energy than they consume, saving residents up to 43 per cent of their energy costs.

Its sustainable features include LED lighting, electric-boosted solar hot water, geothermal heating and will not feature natural gas.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5995 project_image_fid=78730]

The homes are located within convenient access to an array of shopping, dining and entertainment facilities.

4. Castle Residences 
Developer: United Development Sydney 
One-bedroom apartments from $1,230,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7758 project_image_fid=79424]

Anticipated to reach completion before the end of the year, United Development Sydney&rsquo;s sought-after Castle Residences is delivering 131 apartments just off Hyde Park.

The project merges five-star luxury hotel services and amenities with high-end apartments designed by Candalepas Associates.

The construction includes the refurbishment of the 142-year-old heritage-listed Porter House building and will include amenities such as luxurious dining areas, private dining spaces and in-residence catering.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7758 project_image_fid=150437]

Timeless sculptural alcoves and arches bring together historical and contemporary architecture, while interior styling takes inspiration from Manhattan apartments.

5. Beyond, Hurstville 
Developer: Fridcorp 
Two-bedroom apartments from $850,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=6798 project_image_fid=140935]

Fridcorp&rsquo;s latest Hurstville development, Beyond, will deliver its residents a number of on-site amenities that match the quality of the world&rsquo;s best hotels before the end of 2021.

Each residence exudes uncompromised quality from every aspect, with one, two, and three-bedroom apartments on offer.

Designed by DKO Architecture, the light-filled interiors boast wide frontages and a refined, contemporary aesthetic.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=6798 project_image_fid=140952]

Among its amenities include a two-podium platform, an outdoor dining and teppanyaki grill, gardens, lobby bar and residents&rsquo; dining.

Urban has decided to take a look at five soon-to-be-completed developments offered in Sydney

The top five Sydney apartments completing construction before the end of 2021

Established in 1991, Hickory has steadily evolved from a family-owned company to a nationwide group of construction specialists.

One of Australia&rsquo;s leading construction groups, Hickory has forged a reputation as an innovative and dynamic company with a commitment to environmental sustainability.

Unlike many other construction companies, Hickory prides themselves on their role as project builders.

The company is self-performing of over 60 per cent of the work on their construction projects, including structure, carpentry and fa&ccedil;ade, enabling them greater control over the project&rsquo;s cost and schedule.

With close to 30 properties built by Hickory listed on Urban, below we take a look at the top five that homebuyers can secure in Melbourne now.

1. <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/buildings/yarra-one-16-22-claremont-street-south-yarra" target="_blank">Yarra One</a> 
Address: 16-22 Claremont Street, South Yarra VIC 3121 
Two-bedroom apartments from $725,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=3127 project_image_fid=31085]

EcoWorld International&rsquo;s second Australian project, Yarra One, offers 247 one, two and three-bedroom apartments in Victoria&rsquo;s South Yarra.

Hickory constructed the Fender Katsalidis-designed tower, which features rectilinear patterns and pure geometry.

One of the most striking elements of the $250 million development is the Claremont Street atrium.

2. <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/buildings/hawthorn-park-33-camberwell-road-hawthorn-east?last_source_news_article_id=99979&amp;ref=news_related_project" target="_blank">Hawthorn Park</a> 
Address: 33 Camberwell Road, Hawthorn East VIC 3123 
Two-bedroom apartments from $670,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=3730 project_image_fid=158928]

Dahua Group&#39;s Hawthorn Park&nbsp;delivers a mix of one, two, three and four-bedroom residences that reimagine the norm of apartment living.

Designed by Rothelowman, the project boasts unparalleled amenities, including Melbourne&rsquo;s first sky pool, theatre rooms and a stunning sky lounge.

The tower also features over 2000 sqm of parkland curated by acclaimed landscape architect Jake Merlo that bring the Hickory-constructed building to life.

3. <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/new-apartments/victoria--vine-1-57-wellington-street-collingwood" target="_blank">Victoria &amp; Vine</a> 
Address: 1-57 Wellington Street, Collingwood VIC 3066 
Three-bedroom apartment prices available upon request

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5117 project_image_fid=24688]

Situated in Collingwood, Victoria &amp; Vine is a new $280 million luxury residential and retail precinct delivered by GURNER.

Set across nine buildings of different materials and heights, the development draws influence from New York&rsquo;s Meatpacking District and embodies a warehouse-style structural design.

Designed by COX Architecture, the homes blend into Collingwood&rsquo;s rich history of industrial factories and feature 11 retail tenancies and 4,500 sqm of resident amenity.

Only three-bedroom apartments remain.

4. <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/new-apartments/east-central-tower-820-whitehorse-road-box-hill" target="_blank">East Central Tower</a> 
Address: 820 Whitehorse Road, Box Hill VIC 3128 
Two-bedroom apartments from $565,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=3867 project_image_fid=21985]

East central tower is a 30-storey building in Melbourne&rsquo;s Box Hill, delivered by the LongRiver Group.

Designed by Fender Katsalidis, the tower features 301 apartments in one, two and three-bedroom configurations.

The urban paradise boasts 1,500sqm of residential facilities, plus 3000 sqm of combined office and retail space, including a wellbeing centre, pool, yoga studio and gym.

Hickory completed construction on the 30-storey tower in December 2020.

5. <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/new-apartments/victoriana-20-queens-road-melbourne" target="_blank">Victoriana</a> 
Address: 20 Queens Road, Melbourne VIC 3004 
Two-bedroom apartments from $745,000

[smartcode_project:default project_id=1979 project_image_fid=78667]

Completed in March 2021 by Hickory, Victoriana delivers 250 oversized two, three and four-bedroom apartments over 41,000 sqm of build form.

Overlooking Albert Park, the 18-storey tower features luxurious amenities and sprawling terraces with panoramic vistas.

Located on one of the most prestigious boulevards in Melbourne, St. Kilda Road, the Rothelowman-designed project features a large heated indoor to outdoor pool, cabana lounges and outdoor gardens.

One of Australia’s leading construction groups, Hickory has forged a reputation as an innovative and dynamic company with a commitment to environmental sustainability

Top five projects Hickory are building in Melbourne in 2021

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/57114/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Another hot and humid day in Sydney tomorrow with a maximum of 32 degrees in the city and 38 in the western suburbs.
How many times have we heard that on TV or radio weather reports?
But what would you think about the following forecast?
Temperatures in Wattle Street, Ultimo, will spike at 37 degrees around 10 am. Further up the hill at Point Street we can expect a top of 40 degrees shortly after 1 pm. Meanwhile, at the Observatory Hill weather station the 3 pm maximum will struggle to pass 32 degrees.
We are unlikely ever to be able to forecast temperatures to such pinpoint accuracy. Still, the above exercise reflects the very real differences in temperature – and thermal comfort – at the scale of the individual street, indeed individual block, within our cities.
The driver of this surprising variability is the interaction between urban form and the heat energy of the sun. Building heights and materials, width and orientation of streets, and presence or absence of vegetation all affect local temperatures across the city. And if we drive to work, the heat from our vehicle’s engine and exhaust might be adding a degree or two.
Recent media reports have highlighted the bizarre weather patterns in Sydney over January, February and March 2016. Some reports have linked evidence of temperature extremes to urbanisation and the loss of shading and moisture that vegetation provides. This is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect.
A research collaboration between the UNSW Faculty of Built Environment and the Universities of South Australia and Melbourne has collected further evidence for the highly localised effects of building form, surface materials and street orientation on outdoor microclimate and pedestrian thermal comfort. The aim is to build a solid evidence base to inform design, planning and policy across Australian cities.
Meteorological data collected during the 2015-16 summer in Sydney reveals that air temperatures in the street “canyon” may vary by up to 5℃ from those the Bureau of Meteorology records at Observatory Hill.
<h4>
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/119034/width754/image-20160418-23606-mjsnwt.png" alt=""><a class="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a>
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Even more worrying are the surface temperatures measured on building facades. These may exceed 70℃ in the sun.
The vertical surfaces of multi-storey buildings account for much of the urban surface in contact with the surrounding air. Hotter surface temperatures elevate nearby air temperatures during the day.
Then, due to the thermal mass of typically dense and dark building materials, building facades continue to emit radiant heat well after sunset. This slows the cooling of local outdoor air temperature.
Without night-time cooling, human thermal discomfort is prolonged. Consecutive nights of elevated air temperatures have severe impacts on human health. This includes increasing heat-related mortality and morbidity.
More extreme heat days projected from climate change on top of localised heating due to urban design elevates the health risks from future heatwaves.
<h4>
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/119033/width754/image-20160418-23629-4gkckn.png" alt=""><a class="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a>
</h4>
<h2>Urban temperatures vary with design</h2>
Our research sought to quantify the effects of typical urban form and materials on street microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. We recorded building surface temperatures and ambient air temperatures using a thermal camera and mobile weather station in various locations in metropolitan Sydney.
Preliminary results suggest that business-as-usual architectural and urban design are exacerbating urban heat and creating hotter cities. This is alarming when considering the current and projected population of Australia’s major cities, particularly the growing proportion of vulnerable elderly.
On January 14, 2016 – Sydney’s hottest day that month – the 9AM and 3PM air temperatures recorded at Observatory Hill were 30.8℃ and 32.4℃ respectively.
On the same day, pedestrian-height air temperatures were recorded mid-morning in Wattle Street, Ultimo – 32.34℃ at 9am – and mid-afternoon in Point Street, Pyrmont – 36.34℃ around 3pm. These temperatures in Wattle and Point streets were 1.54℃ and 3.94℃ higher – or up to 12.2 percent greater – than the maximums at Observatory Hill.
Prior studies have reported a significant increase in mortality for every 1℃ rise in air temperatures above a mortality-temperature threshold (typically around 32℃ for Australian cities). This applies particularly for the population aged 65 years and older. Conversely, every degree of cooling has health and economic benefits for urban residents.
The surface temperatures of nearby building facades confirm a potential source of localised heating. The seven-storey, northeast-facing Wattle Street facade recorded a maximum spot temperature of 65℃ and a mean surface temperature of 46℃ around 9AM. The eight-storey, northwest-facing Point Street facade recorded an average surface temperature of 42.4℃ and a spot maximum of 54℃ mid-afternoon.
Notwithstanding measurement uncertainty due to emissivity (how well a material emits heat energy), the higher daytime building facade temperatures suggest an influential relationship with observed near-facade air temperatures.
By taking into account the design drivers – including orientation and solar exposure, material albedo (reflectance) and emissivity, and views of opposite buildings and the sky – building designers can help cool our cities through “cool facades”.
<h2>Buildings hold key to outdoor comfort</h2>
We also calculated the effects of material properties on outdoor air temperatures and thermal comfort for January 14.
Footpath albedos (reflectance) in Wattle Street and Point Street ranged from 0.033 to 0.050 for rough weathered bitumen and smoother grey stone pavers respectively. Superficially the footpath materials appear to be the same colour. However, the rougher bitumen has a lower reflectance and therefore absorbs more solar radiation (and becomes hotter) than the smoother stone tile.
Prior studies have linked surface roughness to reflectance characteristics. The potentially contradictory effects of footpath surface reflectance on air temperatures and thermal comfort are evident in the grey globe thermometer (GGT) measurements.
The GGT measures only radiant heating to which humans are particularly sensitive. Cooler air temperatures are often correlated with higher albedo surfaces, but greater reflectance may increase the radiant load on pedestrians, increasing thermal discomfort.
The GGT 10-minute mean between 8.30AM and 10.30AM in Wattle Street was 36.95℃ and the ten-minute mean air temperature for the same period was 33.70℃. Between 1PM and 2.30PM in Point Street, the GGT ten-minute mean was 43.0℃ and the ten-minute mean air temperature was 38.57℃.
The relative differences between ambient and GGT temperatures are 4.87℃ and 6.05℃. This greater GGT temperature difference confirms the additional radiant heating from the more reflective footpath surface and nearby hot facade.
The conclusion? Weather is not simply what the bureau tells us. As higher urban temperatures occur at the scale in which people actually live – the building, the street, the block – the implications for our health and well-being are profound.
By informing those involved in city planning, management and design about the implications of their design decisions on urban microclimate, this research provides the evidence base for a “cool” urban future.
Paul Osmond is senior lecturer, Sustainable Built Environment, UNSW Australia and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paul-osmond-205774" target="_blank">here</a>.
Jonathan Fox PhD Research Candidate, Urban Climates Research, UNSW Australia and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jonathan-fox-250999" target="_blank">here</a>.
Both are authors for The Conversation.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Building cool cities for a hot future

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/82317/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Any downturn in the construction industry could trigger job losses to a range of sectors that support the building industry, such as planning, project management, real estate and property services. This threat reveals the risk of relying on building and construction to sustain the economy. 
Since before the global financial crisis, urban economies across the world have relied increasingly on the construction of housing, especially high rise urban apartments, to maintain economic activity. 
Construction has boomed in Australia, especially in Melbourne and Sydney. Migration from overseas and interstate, as well as international student numbers, have so far maintained sufficient demand for city apartments and suburban houses to keep the building boom going.
Nationally the number of jobs in construction has increased from 927,000 in May 2007 to 1,110,400 in May 2017, an increase of 183,400 jobs. Even now, the federal government expects that construction employment will increase by 10.9% in the five years to 2022. 
But this view is at odds with new data. A recent report by advisory firm BIS Oxford predicts that new dwellings construction will fall by 31%, from 230,000 to 160,000 dwellings in Australia, in the next three years. This prediction foreshadows a dramatic decline in construction employment. 
The other jobs construction creates
Construction activity creates employment across the economy. There are jobs in industries that provide input building materials – such as local quarries and forests, sawmills, concrete products manufacturers, steel makers and glass, plastic and metal products manufacturers. There are also jobs created for people working in import firms bringing in materials that might not be made locally, as well as for people who work to store materials and transport them from ports and factories to building sites. Construction generates jobs for people involved in the design and planning of buildings, also those involved in the financing and contracting of construction projects. 
Once the buildings exist, construction creates more jobs in marketing the properties, building inspections, buyers agents, mortgage brokers, real estate agents and the like. After the sale, more jobs are sustained in interior designer, selling furnishings and fittings and appliances, and providing internet connections and utilities. 
The wages earned and taxes paid by these workers then create jobs in other services industries. This includes everything from dentists and personal trainers to bank tellers and public servants. New populations create new demand for supermarkets and schools and hospitals that employ more people. 
The secondary circuit of capital
Following the ideas of French urban theorist Henri Lefebvre, geographer David Harvey famously explained a process called the “second circuit of capital” where building replaces manufacturing as the driver of growth. This secondary circuit soaks up the excess capital sloshing around the world that can’t be invested profitably in the primary circuit of (manufacturing) production. Buildings are built for the purpose of generating profits for developers and investors. 
In places like Melbourne, the secondary circuit has created so many jobs in construction and related industries, that these have become the key drivers of growth. All these jobs are at risk when construction activity stalls. 
David Harvey’s crucial insight was that once economies rely on construction to drive employment, then the entire economy becomes like a giant Ponzi scheme. The only way that employment in a host city can be maintained is to keep building more buildings. 
Harvey argues the principle purpose of building is to generate profit, which means that the building will stop if there are insufficient numbers of buyers, or insufficient buyers willing to pay a price that will generate profit.
If the developers can elect to build elsewhere, in places where returns are higher, the local construction-led system can collapse like a house of cards. The resulting crisis would not be confined to the construction sector but would resonate through all the activities contributing to building or benefiting from the taxes and charges generated by building. 
That pretty much means everybody. Once the cards fall over, not only do employment opportunities decline, but so do property values, as prices adjust to the new reality. 
Some economists recommend creating new infrastructure projects to provide work, to keep the construction sector and material suppliers in business. But they rarely consider the second order effects as the downturn in construction filters through the economy. Most economists would argue that dealing with these secondary effects is best left to market forces. 
This means that as the downturn filters through the economy, jobs will be lost quietly across a range of sectors. The sectors most obviously vulnerable in the event of a downturn in residential building activity will be those that rely on discretionary building-related spending – such as furniture and effects retailing, wholesaling and manufacturing. The impacts on affected households will be no less devastating than for direct building jobs.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sally-weller-116519" target="_blank">Sally Weller</a> is Visiting Fellow, Australian Catholic University and author for <a href="https://theconversation.com/au" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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The hollow promise of construction-led jobs and growth

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GUEST OBSERVER
It’s reporting season, and over the past few weeks some of Australia’s biggest companies have been releasing information on how they’re travelling. These reports reflect key themes of how things are going in key sectors of the economy. Over coming days we’re going to report on the results a handful of major companies in key sectors, transport, construction, retail, mining, insurance and banking. Today we look at the construction sector.
A sluggish building climate in Australia, influenced by a slowdown in mining construction, is leading the biggest companies in the construction sector to trim costs, pursue smaller projects and divest in larger non-performing ones.
Building and construction represents an important part of the Australian economy directly accounting for approximately 8-12 percent of total economic activity. Of that activity, approximately half is accounted for by construction and half by building, which is split approximately two thirds residential and one third industrial.
Three companies in the ASX top 100, WorleyParsons, CIMIC (formerly known as Leighton Holdings), and Lendlease have construction services which extend internationally and serve to highlight those parts of the sector that are faring better than others.
 
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/115397/width754/image-20160317-30231-acywyn.png" alt=""><a class="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a>
 
WorleyParsons consults on engineering, procurement and construction, CIMIC undertakes engineering consulting and construction but is also active in mining. Finally, Lendlease has a higher exposure to residential construction relative to mining and resources. Despite the companies' similar arenas of operation, these three companies have fared very differently in the current climate.
WorleyParsons, with a focus on building services (that is, supporting companies in the construction industry rather than having major building programs itself), is sailing into strong headwinds and making pretty tough going of it, while some of the difficult groundwork already in place at CIMIC seems to be paying dividends, literally. Finally, Lendlease has benefited from some major residential construction projects to boost both revenue and earnings.
<h2>Threats to the construction sector</h2>
The high exposure of the construction industry to business and government demands means that it is particularly vulnerable. That is, it is highly exposed to economic cycles in sectors important to the Australian economy, particularly the mining sector.
The slowdown in mining construction resulting from China’s recent moderating growth rates has hit the industry hard. Australian raw material exports have been an important part of building the infrastructure to support economic growth in China and the construction industry has benefited immensely from building the infrastructure base to enable those exports. Economic signals from China have made investors more wary of commissioning new projects and expanding of existing ones.
Moreover, industry consultant, BIS Shrapnel, believes the “bust” in mining has a long way to run. This means that companies in the industry will have to rein in their expenses and pursue new business to ensure that the high fixed costs of equipment necessary for building and construction do not form a drag on the bottom line. The resultant competition leads to customers being able to force suppliers to cut their profit margin cuts, at the same time that many big projects are drying up.
The more fragmented, but much larger residential market is faring somewhat better, with a record number of new home approvals in 2015. Chronic under-supply is being somewhat alleviated by more residential blocks being released by State governments and demand has remained robust.
<h2>How the biggest companies are faring</h2>
Lendlease, a major player in both the residential and industrial markets, was able to more than offset lower earnings in infrastructure and construction <a href="">this half year</a> relative to last, by a more than doubling of its earnings from property development. Not only did this performance lead to a 12 percent increase in earnings for the company, it was also accompanied by a 15 percent increase in the work Lendlease has in the pipeline, suggesting an underlying strength of future earnings.
That, however, is cold comfort to WorleyParsons and CIMIC, watching from the adjacent industrial construction sector.
Despite WorleyParsons' size, it is still experiencing the second order effects of a wind down in mining. Long term, this has meant the company’s share price has fallen 93 percent in the past ten years. Short term, it has fallen 67 percent in 2015.
The management team at WorleyParsons has followed many of the recommended prescriptions associated with their predicament. It has worked on the cost structure. It has pursued smaller projects to utilise the company’s assets and maintain the bottom line and it has sought diversification, both geographically and by industry. For example, the firm recently won a contract with BAPCo, the Bahrain petroleum company, to extend and reconfigure its refinery.
However, though these initiatives have helped with revenue rising 140 percent in the past ten years, the end result has been the company is not making ground on the tsunami of red ink that’s pursuing companies in the industries in which it operates. Revenue has shown a pleasing and reasonably consistent upward trend, but earnings per share (on a reasonably stable capital base) have taken a nosedive from as high as A$1.50 to below 80 cents.
WorleyParsons' half-year results show the company was able to eke out a net profit after tax of A$23.1 million on revenues of A$4.2 billion. Management promised more of the right kind of medicine: reducing debtors, lowering overhead costs, divesting non-core and low performing assets, and searching for attractive growth opportunities.
On the other hand, CIMIC does appear to be making ground. It has long been a leading industrial construction company in Australia, with considerable overseas earnings. The company must be very pleased to leave the excitement of the bribery and corruption charges that dogged it in its last days as Leighton Holdings.
Hiccups during the takeover of Leightons by Hochtief, when the latter pleaded guilty to insider trading charges, similarly added to the rocky road over which the company has travelled to get to the relative calm it is enjoying at the moment. It may be making less news than it did in the stormy days of erstwhile CEO, Wal King, but the (reasonably) new Spanish management team is quietly notching up wins.
Its full-year profit of A$520 million and revenues of A$16.2 billion were at the top end of the market’s expectations and obviously look a look a lot healthier that those of WorleyParsons. The need for scale in the building industry makes it prone to mergers and acquisitions, while the high level of risk associated with major projects, means that often non-performing assets have to be split off.
While CIMIC is involved in a scrappy takeover battle with Sedgman and the Gorgon jetty project dispute with Chevron, these distractions go with the turf in this industry.
CIMIC, like WorleyParsons, is also taking all of the right steps in terms of operational efficiency, asset balancing, and growth opportunity generation. Moreover, it is doing it from a stronger base and thus with more impressive results.
CIMIC seems to be riding the cyclical waves of the industry reasonably comfortably and enjoying some moderate success in doing do. That is as well since the macroeconomic trends of a China slowdown and an associated slowing industrial building climate in Australia is unlikely to give it a promising tail wind any time soon. On the other hand, WorleyParsons has yet to witness any benefit to it bottom line resulting from its efforts to trim its sails to the new industrial climate.
Meanwhile, Lendlease has managed to insulate itself from chilly infrastructure winds by boosting its selective engagement in the buoyant parts of the residential housing market.
 
John Heath Roberts is professor, Australian Graduate School of Management, UNSW Australia and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-heath-roberts-188102" target="_blank">here</a>.
 
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