Tourist Attraction

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GUEST OBSERVATION
Recently, some of Europe’s most-visited cities have become surprisingly inhospitable to tourists. Barcelona residents have been openly hostile to visitors and officials are now cracking down on Airbnb rentals. Venice has been overrun with daytrippers and recently instituted tourist-only diversion routes. Dubrovnik has put a cap on the number of cruise ship passengers that can enter the city at any one time.
These destinations are suffering from what people in the travel industry call “overtourism.” The numbers speak for themselves. Europe was the most frequently visited region in the world in 2016, accounting for close to half of the 1.24 billion international tourist arrivals. Spain, a nation of 46.5 million people, welcomed a remarkable 75.3 million visitors in 2016. Croatia, population 4.2 million, saw more than triple the number of tourist arrivals.
Australia hasn’t yet experienced visitor numbers quite this large – there were just 8.24 million tourist arrivals in 2016 – but overtourism is becoming a concern here, as well.
What exactly is overtourism?
The awkward term overtourism describes a situation in which a tourism destination exceeds its carrying capacity – in physical and/or psychological terms. It results in a deterioration of the tourism experience for either visitors or locals, or both. If allowed to continue unchecked, overtourism can lead to serious consequences for popular destinations.
The situation has gotten so bad in certain locales in recent years, media outlets have started publishing lists of the “travel destinations you should avoid” and new terms like “anti-tourism” and “tourismphobia” are entering the travel industry lexicon. Tourist sites have even occasionally been targeted with violence, such as the string of attacks that took place in Spain last year.
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The causes of overtourism vary according to the destination. Recently, the disruptive agents of the sharing economy, like Airbnb, have been blamed for bringing more tourists into the heart of communities instead of just tourist sites. Cheap travel and package holidays are enabling more people to take short city breaks and cruises, particularly in Europe. Social media also plays a role in popularising places like Myanmar, which go from being off-the-grid to “must-see” destinations overnight.
The shifting focus of governmental tourism agencies play a role in overtourism, as well. Many agencies are now almost exclusively marketing-focused and their singular goal is promoting growth. For instance, Tourism Australia’s “Tourism 2020” strategy is clearly growth-focused. Its goal is stated simply on the website - to achieve more than AU$115 billion in overnight spending by 2020 (up from AU$70 billion in 2009).
Sustainable tourism strategies, once heavily promoted in the 1990s and early 2000s, no longer seem to be as high a priority.
Is Australia really in danger of overtourism?
Australian tourism sites like Kangaroo Island aren’t seeing visitor numbers anywhere close to Venice and Barcelona just yet. However, poor tourism policies may still lead to a form of overtourism if locals perceive their quality of life is being damaged by tourists.
For instance, the 2011 Kangaroo Island Pro-Surf and Music Festival faced considerable community opposition for its proposal to bring 5,000 visitors to the small hamlet of Vivonne Bay (population 400). Recently published research examining the policy process indicated it was a push by tourism authorities to boost tourism on the island that led to the event being imposed on the community. The backlash was so severe, organisers abandoned plans to host the event again in subsequent years.
However, this hasn’t stopped other tourism development schemes from being proposed. And the state Economic Development Board has recommended doubling the numbers of tourists on the island by 2020.
Tasmania, too, has experienced a tourist backlash in recent years. Most recently, thousands came out to protest a proposed cable car for Mount Wellington near Hobart. With claims by critics that the cable car would draw upwards of 1 million tourists per year, one can readily see the seeds for overtourism.
Another site that could be in danger is the Great Barrier Reef. Agricultural run-off, climate change and a crown-of-thorns starfish outbreak are currently posing grave threats to the reef, which could spark a phenomenon known as “last-chance tourism”, – a rush to experience a place before it’s gone for good.
What can be done?
Most experts agree government regulations are key to addressing the threats from overtourism. Many cities, for instance, are following Barcelona’s lead to tighten restrictions on Airbnb. The Thai government is closing popular Maya Beach on Phi Phi Island for four months every year to allow the sea life to recover. Creatively, Copenhagen is promoting a tourism policy based on “localhood”:
"A long-term vision that supports the inclusive co-creation of our future destination. A future destination where human relations are the focal point. Where locals and visitors not only co-exist, but interact around shared experiences of localhood. Where our global competitiveness is underpinned by our very own localhood. And where tourism growth is co-created responsibly across industries and geographies, between new and existing stakeholders, with localhood as our shared identity and common starting point."
And in New Zealand, the tourism board is actively promoting tourism visits outside of peak season. This is a good example of how government agencies can use “demarketing” strategies, or deflecting interest in places, to address rising tensions over tourism. Similarly, Majorca’s authorities have tried to rebrand it as a winter destination in an effort to reduce overcrowding in the peak season.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/99213/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">With its “Tourism 2020” strategy, Australia is focused instead on growing its visitor numbers. The national and local tourism bodies should take a more sustainable and holistic approach to their tourism planning to reflect the values and desires of local communities. That will ensure visitor numbers remain in check and tourism remains an enjoyable experience – for tourists and residents alike.
Freya Higgins-Desbiolles, Senior Lecturer in Tourism Management, University of South Australia
This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-australia-might-be-at-risk-of-overtourism-99213" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Why Australia might be at risk of "over tourism"

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Australian artist David Bromley and wife Yuge Bromley have acquired the Old Castlemaine Gaol, a tourism attraction in the Central Highlands of Victoria.
Colliers International agent Kim McQueen said the Bromley’s had been looking for a very unique location in the are to create a sculptural and installation based arts museum or arts precinct.
“When we introduced David and Yuge to the Old Castlemaine Gaol – they instantly saw the potential,” McQueen said. 
“We were able to negotiate a deal very quickly. 
“The Bromleys have terrific foresight and their addition to the Castlemaine landscape will be a huge benefit to not only the bugeoning Castlemaine arts scene but to the Central Highlands region of Victoria more broadly.”
The Old Castlemaine Gaol was built in 1861 and was active for more than 130 years. 
The Gaol was last sold in 2012 to three local families and has been run as a café and tourism destination for the past few years.
The Bromley’s said they loved Castlemaine, and loved an adventure.
“When we first stepped foot on the grounds of the gaol and turned back towards the sublime view of Castlemaine we felt a great sense that it had the strength of presence to house something very iconic and not seen before in the Central Highlands of Victoria,” Mrs Bromley said. “Just what, we had not worked out yet. 
“We hope people will experience a reinterpretation of the gaol’s architecture. While it was designed to make the original inhabitants feel insignificant, we want visitors to feel uplifted through the art.”
Last year the Bromley's sold their <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/expert-insights/investing/75092-artist-david-bromley-lists-daylesford-home" target="_blank">Daylesford home</a>, around 30 km south of their latest purchase.
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Artist David Bromley buys Old Castlemaine Gaol

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Big cities and places with internationally renowned attractions have long been the most popular tourist destinations. Even today, Chinese tour companies in Australia, for instance, mostly <a href="https://epubs.scu.edu.au/tourism_pubs/2219/" target="_blank">focus on the biggest cities</a> – Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane – and landmarks like Uluru. But modern tourism is starting to take a slightly different path, regional travel, which creates economic benefits for towns and also leaves tourists with a better impression of a country.
Unpublished research undertaken by one of us (Elizabeth Turenko) while working as a tour leader in Ukraine in 2013-2014 confirmed this. Feedback from guests travelling on a group tour to Europe showed 80% preferred to visit “well-known” large cities, mostly capitals, when it came to choosing a tour.
Most of the time, though, these tourists were disappointed because the cities did not live up to their expectations. But, the study revealed, 75% of tourists enjoyed travelling to smaller towns when they did decide to visit them as part of a tour.
<h2>Big cities are losing their local flavour</h2>
There is no doubt the major cities are attractive and are still perceived as the essence of a country for many tourists. Yet the question remains: are these cities actually showing the “real country”? At a time of globalisation and global cities, to what extent do the larger cities still give tourists “the taste” of local culture.
Rural Tourism Marketing Group CEO <a href="http://ruraltourismmarketing.com/" target="_blank">Joanna Steele</a> <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/http://www.cfra.org/node/2504" target="_blank">writes</a>:
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In the past five years tourism has seen some big changes. Large numbers of travellers have lost interest in cookie-cutter restaurants, lodging and attractions. Instead, they want local food, local attractions and connection to the lifestyles of local people.
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The best places to experience that are often small local towns and villages. Here life hasn’t yet been adapted to tourist needs and the authenticity feels right.
Turenko also investigated the tourists’ preferences during a group bus tour in Europe. The main program involved a one-day visit to Amsterdam and a second day on which tourists could spend their free time in Amsterdam or go on a group trip to <a href="https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/plan-your-trip/day-trips/old-holland/smalltown-harbours/volendam" target="_blank">Volendam</a>, a small town 20km away. The 90% of the group who opted for the town visit were very satisfied with their decision.
So, was there anything special about Volendam? Not really.
Much like many small towns in the Netherlands, Volendam has limited tourist attractions, these being mostly its built heritage (wooden buildings) and cultural assets (a museum and a cheese factory). When surveyed, the visitors explained they enjoyed the glimpse into the local culture and the routine life of the locals.
The tourists appreciated going to local shops and eating at local restaurants far away from standardised brands and international franchises. They felt they could feel the “soul” of the country.
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/198072/original/file-20171207-31532-jx8b4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/198072/original/file-20171207-31532-jx8b4o.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a>
What does Volendam have that Amsterdam doesn’t? It probably comes down to everyday local character.
At the time of this 2014 survey, cities and holidays at the coast were the <a href="https://www.nbtc.nl/web/file?uuid=7361722f-011d-4714-b98b-8ced3eee1bb2&amp;owner=388ad020-d235-4624-86a4-d899f855a216&amp;contentid=48712" target="_blank">main attractions for visitors to the Netherlands</a> (36% and 22%, respectively). But interest in the countryside and touring the Netherlands (12% and 10%, respectively) has been increasing.
<h2>Finding a local tourism niche</h2>
Let’s be frank: smaller towns and villages have not been dormant, and many have jumped at the opportunities offered by tourism. We all have heard about farm holidays, horse riding, wine tasting tours, nature guided walks and so on.
Building on this, innovative regional tourism practices have been recognised worldwide for displaying a breadth of approaches and end products. A good example in Ireland is <a href="http://visitballyhoura.com/" target="_blank">Ballyhoura</a>, “a world where the little pleasures of sharing everyday things with the locals in Ballyhoura – talking with them, walking with them and sharing a joke – is possibly the greatest attraction of them all!”
Despite a lack of outstanding tourism resources, the area became a successful tourism destination thanks to a very personalised marketing method. Visitors even received a welcoming letter. The focus on “<a href="http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/%24Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/csi13476/%24FILE/Rural-Tourism.pdf" target="_blank">promoting a genuine rural experience and warm welcome</a>” creates an incentive for more local start-up enterprises and for a co-operative, closing-the-loop process of quality control.
Longreach and Winton are Australian towns that have taken advantage of distinctive local histories and features such as old mines and fossil beds. Longreach has the <a href="http://outbackheritage.com.au/" target="_blank">Australian Stockman’s Hall of Fame</a> and the <a href="https://qfom.com.au/" target="_blank">Qantas Founders Museum</a>, while Winton’s <a href="http://www.australianageofdinosaurs.com/" target="_blank">Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum</a> offers “products” of the natural environment such as dinosaur stamps and bones.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/196454/original/file-20171127-2004-xmtv11.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Nowhere else has one: the Stockman’s Hall of Fame in Longreach, Queensland. James Shrimpton/AAP
Yet all attempts have not been met with success. Many smaller towns are slowly disappearing in Australia. Main streets with closed shops and abandoned business are not uncommon.
The combination of lack of employment and population ageing and loss is a chicken-and-egg situation. The various levels of government are acutely aware of this, and tourism offers a possible way out of the dilemma facing these towns. Several recent initiatives have shown how tourism can contribute to the development of these areas when innovation, expertise and community participation are brought together.
Charleville in far west Queensland offers a great example of this, with the outback town working on making the most of its clear nighttime skies, far from the city lights. An extension to the <a href="http://www.cosmoscentre.com/" target="_blank">Cosmos Centre and Observatory</a>, <a href="https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/index.php/regional-development/regional-economic-development/building-our-regions/remote-communities-infrastructure-fund/1385-charleville-cosmos-centre-planetarium-stage-1" target="_blank">funded by state and local governments</a>, has boosted visitor numbers in just one year. The extension displays fun and serious facts about planets and life in space, enhanced by interactive media.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/87997/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">For the town of fewer than 4,000 people, the growth in tourism is like a nice spring rain after a long dry season. It’s another reminder of why rural tourism can be “<a href="https://www.conversational.com/rural-tourism-the-perfect-small-town-business-idea/" target="_blank">the perfect small town business idea</a>”.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/elizabeth-turenko-424627" target="_blank">Elizabeth Turenko</a>, PhD Candidate, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/griffith-university-828" target="_blank">Griffith University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/karine-dupre-252059" target="_blank">Karine Dupré</a>, Associate Professor in Architecture, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/griffith-university-828" target="_blank">Griffith University</a>
This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/tourists-are-happy-when-taken-off-the-beaten-track-and-smaller-cities-and-towns-can-tap-into-that-87997" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Tourists are happy when taken off the beaten track

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Political tensions on the Korean peninsula will re-direct a larger share of the $9.2 billion Golden Week expenditure to Australia, according to iProsperity (iPG), an advisory firm for high networth investors.
Australia has seen a four-fold increase in the number of Golden Week tourists in the past decade, ABS data shows. 
Over the same period, Chinese tourists’ annual total expenditure has surged 700%, to $1.4billion. 
iPG director Gary Sue Fong says Golden Week in 2017 is expected to smash previous records, and predicts Australia’s hotel sector will be pushed to the brink over the eight-day holiday break.
“Currently, Australia’s hotel occupancy rates are ranked among the highest in the world, with the hotel occupancy rates averaging 78% across Australia throughout 2016. To keep up with ongoing demand, the domestic hotel sector needs to grow by a third to capitalise on the lucrative Chinese tourist market,” said Sue Fong.
“The majority of Chinese tourists cite safety and security as the number one consideration when selecting a Golden Week destination. We’re witnessing strong demand across the country’s major leisure destinations.” 
Chinese travel agency Ctrip forecasts a 70% fall in the number of Chinese tourists to South Korea during Golden Week this year, as rising tensions on the Korean peninsula deter China’s six million travellers from top destinations, South Korea and Japan.
Ctrip data reveals 80 per cent of people using its platform opt for four and five star services when travelling abroad.
As wealthy travellers from China look for luxury experiences in Australia, supply is struggling to keep up with demand across Australia, adds Sue Fong.
Hotels in Cairns and Port Douglas, in particular, lead in terms of revenue growth, while the second strongest market, Sydney, is expecting double-digit revenue growth this year.
In FY2017, there are currently 101,196 rooms across Australia’s major cities, with a 78.6% occupancy rate. This is forecast to grow by 33%, adding 33,303 new hotel rooms to the supply in Australia by 2025 to meet demand with a 81.6% occupancy rate, and 4.4% increase in RevPAR, $142.53 to $203.78.
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Chinese tourists swap Seoul for Sydney in Golden Week, expected to stretch hotels

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Tasmanian tourist attraction Tahune Airwalk, located in the Southern Tasmanian forest, has changed hands for an undisclosed sum.
Established in 2001, <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-hotel+leisure-tas-geeveston-502108050" target="_blank">Tahune Airwalk</a> has a 600 metre walkway and cantilever suspended above the forest canopy – additionally there are two swinging bridges, an Eagle Hang Glider Ride across the Huon River, a licensed cafe and visitor centre, eight accommodation rooms, function centre, walks, picnic and barbecue areas.
It is one of Australia’s leading tourist attractions with over 74,000 visitors per year.
The property earns more than $2.2 million pa. According to a report in The Mercury, tourism veteran Ken Stronach bought Tahune Airwalk from Forestry Tasmania in December for an undisclosed sum. 
Stronach has 35 years experience in the tourism industry and is on the board of Destination Southern Tasmania.
He has managed the Tahune AirWalk for three years and has a long history of developing and operating hotels in Tasmania and interstate, the report said. 
The selling agents were Ian Reed and Scott Newton of Knight Frank.
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