Retirees

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EXPERT OBSERVER
Half a million Australians aged 50 and over lost their homes in the first decade of this century.<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachel-ong-viforj-113482"> </a>
The number of mature age Australians carrying mortgage debt into retirement is soaring.
And on average each mature age Australian with a mortgage debt owes much more relative to their income than 25 years ago.
Microdata from the Bureau of Statistics <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6541.0.30.001Main+Features12013-14" target="_blank">survey of income and housing</a> shows an increase in the proportion of homeowners owing money on mortgages across every home-owning age group between 1990 and 2015. The sharpest increase is among homeowners approaching retirement.
<h2>More mortgaged for longer</h2>
For home owners aged 55 to 64 years, the proportion owing money on mortgages has tripled from 14% to 47%.
Among home owners aged 45 to 54 years, it has doubled.
<hr>
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278480/original/file-20190607-52741-1gvtikf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278480/original/file-20190607-52741-1gvtikf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a> <a class="source" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6503.0Main+Features12015-16">Source: Authors’ own calculations from the Surveys of Income and Housing</a>
<hr>
Meanwhile, the average mortgage debt-to-income ratio among those with mortgages has pretty much doubled across every home-owning age group.
In the 45-54 age group the mortgage debt-to-income ratio has blown out from 82% to 169%.
For those aged 55-64 it has blown out from 72% to 132%.
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278619/original/file-20190610-52758-wdha1w.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278619/original/file-20190610-52758-wdha1w.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a> Among mortgage holders. Source: Authors’ own calculations from the Surveys of Income and Housing
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<h2>Three reasons why</h2>
The soaring rates of mortgage indebtedness among older Australians have been driven by three distinct factors.
First, property prices have surged ahead of incomes.
Since 1970 the national dwelling price to income ratio <a href="https://www.ceda.com.au/CEDA/media/General/Publication/PDFs/HousingAustraliaFinal_Flipsnack.pdf" target="_blank">has doubled</a>.
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278624/original/file-20190610-52780-1hzmy9f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278624/original/file-20190610-52780-1hzmy9f.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a> Prices and wages in 1970 are assigned an index of 100. <a class="source" href="https://www.ceda.com.au/CEDA/media/General/Publication/PDFs/HousingAustraliaFinal_Flipsnack.pdf" target="_blank">Sources: Treasury, ABS, Committee for Economic Development of Australia</a>
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Despite weaker property prices, the ratio remains historically high. This means households have to borrow more to buy a home. It also delays the transition into home ownership, <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4130.0%7E2015-16%7EMain%20Features%7EAcross%20the%20Generations:%20Twenty%20years%20of%20housing%7E10003" target="_blank">potentially shortening</a> the the remaining working life available to repay the loan.
Second, today’s home owners frequently use flexible mortgage products to draw down on their housing equity as needed for other purposes. During the first decade of this century, one in five home owners aged 45-64 years increased their mortgage debt <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/property-observer" target="_blank">even though they did not move house</a>.
Third, older home owners appear to be taking on bigger mortgages or delaying paying them off in the knowledge that they can work longer than their parents did, or draw down their superannuation account balances.
<h2>Super could be changing our behaviour</h2>
For mortgage holders aged 55-64 years, there is evidence to suggest that larger debts <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/property-observer" target="_blank">prolong working lives</a>.
In 2017 around <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6238.0" target="_blank">29% </a> of lump sum superannuation withdrawals were used to pay down mortgages or purchase new homes or pay for home improvements, up from <a href="https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/superannuation-post-retirement/super-post-retirement-volume1.pdf" target="_blank">25%</a> four years earlier.
In the Netherlands, where a mandatory occupational pension scheme along the lines of Australia’s super scheme has been in place for much longer, <a href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/81702NED/table?ts=1539244705047" target="_blank">over one-half</a> of home owners aged 65 and over are still paying off mortgages.
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<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278784/original/file-20190611-52780-kg72kd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/278784/original/file-20190611-52780-kg72kd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a> The base is the total number of uses of lump sums rather than the number of people taking lump sums. <a class="source" href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6238.0" target="_blank">ABS 6238.0 Retirement and Retirement Intentions</a>
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<h2>The implications are huge</h2>
Internationally, studies have found that indebtedness <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953615001203?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">adds to psychological distress</a>. The impacts on wellbeing are more profound for older debtors, without the ability to recover from financial shocks.
Debt-free home ownership in old age used to be known as the <a href="https://www.ceda.com.au/CEDA/media/ResearchCatalogueDocuments/PDFs/27922-CEDATheSuperChallengeofRetirementIncomePolicySept2015FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">fourth pillar of the retirement incomes system</a> because of its role in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10901-010-9187-4" target="_blank">reducing poverty in old age</a>. It allowed the Australian government to set the <a href="https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/assets/documents/hilda-bibliography/conference-papers-lectures/2013/Haffner-Ong-Wood-ENHR2013-Paper.pdf" target="_blank">age pension at relatively low levels</a>.
Growing indebtedness will increase after-housing-cost poverty among older Australians and create pressure to <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/property-observer" target="_blank">boost the age pension</a>.
Mortgage debt burdens late in working life will also expose home owners to unwelcome risks, as health or employment shocks can ruin plans to pay off their mortgages.
During the first decade of this century, around <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/property-observer" target="_blank">half a million</a> Australians aged 50 years and over lost their homes.
<h2>Taxpayers will be under pressure to help</h2>
Those losing home ownership are often forced to rely <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098014550955" target="_blank">on rental housing assistance</a>. Moreover, as older tenants they are <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098014550955" target="_blank">unlikely to ever leave housing assistance</a>. This will put pressure on the government to boost spending on housing assistance, which is likely to further boost <a href="https://theconversation.com/when-falling-home-ownership-and-ageing-baby-boomers-collide-102846" target="_blank">demand for housing assistance</a>.
Super and government housing assistance could become the safety nets that allow retirees to escape their mortgages.
It wasn’t the intended purpose of superannuation, and wasn’t the intended purpose of housing assistance. It is a development that ought to be front and centre of the <a href="https://www.afr.com/news/policy/tax/retirement-incomes-face-review-20190524-p51qsi" target="_blank">inquiry into the retirement incomes system</a> announced by Treasurer Josh Frydenberg.
It is a change we’ll have to come to grips with.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachel-ong-viforj-113482" target="_blank">Rachel Ong ViforJ</a>, Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Finance and Property, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/curtin-university-873" target="_blank">Curtin University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gavin-wood-113723" target="_blank">Gavin Wood</a>, Emeritus Professor of Housing and Housing Studies, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063" target="_blank">RMIT University</a>
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/more-people-are-retiring-with-high-mortgage-debts-the-implications-are-huge-115134" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

More people are retiring with high mortgage debts. The implications are huge

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GUEST OBSERVATION
Financial well-being isn’t always where you expect to find it, in part it depends on attitude. 
Financial well-being is hard to get a handle on.
That’s because it’s a mix of how people feel and how they objectively are.
And it’s multifaceted, including things such as spending, saving, investing, borrowing, and insuring, and competing goals that involve trade-offs, such as whether to spend or save.
To help, the Melbourne Institute and the Commonwealth Bank have pulled the dimensions together in a collection of measures we think are the first of their kind: the <a href="https://fbe.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/cba-melbourne-institute-financial-wellbeing-scales" target="_blank">Reported and Observed Financial Well-being Scales</a>.
The results released this week show most Australians are doing OK. They report no difficulty paying necessary expenses, can cover unexpected expenses, and feel on track to provide for their financial futures. However, a substantial minority struggle.
As expected, people’s income, assets, and home ownership play big roles in their financial well-being. But their attitudes, capabilities, and behaviour are probably even more important, meaning good financial well-being is possible even at modest levels of income and wealth.
Two ways of examining well-being
Adapting definitions that have been proposed for Australia and elsewhere, we define financial well-being as the extent to which people both perceive and have
<ul>
<li>
financial outcomes in which they meet their financial obligations
</li>
<li>
financial freedom to make choices that allow them to enjoy life
</li>
<li>
control of their finances, and
</li>
<li>
financial security
</li>
</ul>
now, in the future, and under possible adverse circumstances.
To construct the scales, we sieved through 33 self-reported survey measures and 17 bank-record measures that captured different elements of our definition. Formal analyis resulted in our two distinct but related scales.
The first, which we call the CBA-MI Reported Financial Well-being Scale, uses people’s answers to 10 survey questions about how they feel; about things such as dealing with their expenses, building up savings, and control over their finances.
The second, which we call the CBA-MI Observed Financial Well-being Scale, uses data from people’s bank records about their balances, payment problems, and ability to cover unexpected expenses.
The two scales move together. People with high levels of financial well-being on one scale tend to have high levels on the other.
However, the two scales are distinct and capture different aspects of well-being, complementing each other and jointly providing a fuller picture than either could alone.
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/254272/original/file-20190117-24622-8qacip.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/254272/original/file-20190117-24622-8qacip.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a>
(Source: <a class="source" href="https://fbe.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/cba-melbourne-institute-financial-wellbeing-scales" target="_blank">Melbourne Institute - Commonwealth Bank</a>)
What do the measures tell us?
On average, Australians enjoy moderate to high levels of financial well-being, but many experience problems. About a quarter of people report difficulty meeting their necessary expenses, and more than a third report not being able to handle a major unexpected expense or not having enough money for future financial needs.
When it came to characteristics associated with financial well-being, we find that people who earn more and own more assets enjoy higher well-being on average. Home-owners, healthier people, and married couples also tend to have a higher financial wellbeing. But within these categories financial well-being can vary.
Both measures of well-being are higher for people who balance their spending and savings, have strong savings habits, always pay their credit card balances, sacrifice for the future, and actively plan and budget.
And there are surprises.
Retirees and older people tend to enjoy higher financial well-being than younger people, contrasting with the view that retirement is accompanied by financial distress.
People with high mortgage debt and large housing costs also experience higher levels of well-being, although this may be associated with the wealth that is associated with their homes.
The strong agreement between the two scales reassures us that they are indeed measuring financial well-being. However, the scales sometimes diverge, particularly when measuring the financial well-being of people with complex financial situations, including immigrants and business owners.
Improving financial well-being
The low levels of financial well-being experienced by some Australians are a cause for concern. Our measures can help identify these people and their circumstances.
More importantly, they tell us that people in similar circumstances can experience very different levels of financial well-being, telling us there is considerable scope for improving outcomes.
And the strong associations of well-being with financial attitudes, capabilities, and behaviours — all characteristics that can be changed — point to promising avenues for interventions.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/103431/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-c-ribar-411239" target="_blank">David C. Ribar</a>, Professorial Research Fellow, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-melbourne-722" target="_blank">University of Melbourne</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nicolas-salamanca-565981" target="_blank">Nicolás Salamanca</a>, Research Fellow, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-melbourne-722" target="_blank">University of Melbourne</a>
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-financially-well-off-defy-the-stereotypes-they-include-retirees-and-mortgagees-103431" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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The financially well-off defy the stereotypes.They include retirees, and mortgagees

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Retirees and empty nesters are being drawn to Cube Developments’ new $37 million residential project at Birtinya due to its low maintenance lifestyle and proximity to world class health facilities, developers say.
Curve Birtinya occupies a waterfront site within strolling distance to the newly-opened $1.8 billion Sunshine Coast University Hospital and University Private Hospital, with Oceanside’s new shopping centre and large retail development also on the doorstep.
The development features 55 one, two and three bedroom apartments offering northerly water views, spacious light-filled interiors, high ceilings, quality appliances, generous balconies, and room to entertain.
Seven expressions of interest have been received from the project, with retirees and downsizers seeking an alternative to retirement home living forming the bulk of the interest.
Cube Developments’ Scott Juniper said Curve Birtinya was attracting strong interest from retirees who wanted the freedom and flexibility of their own home without the complexities of buying into a retirement village.
"More senior buyers are realising they can downsize their homes without downsizing their lifestyle and enjoy the benefits of building a bigger nest egg, lower maintenance costs, cheaper utilities, greater independence and the freedom to travel," Juniper said.
"For empty nesters, retirees or buyers looking to get a foothold in the booming Birtinya market with a view to settling here in the future, Curve Birtinya has so much to offer."
Curve Birtinya offers a prime lakeside within the Oceanside Health Hub – a 17-hectare development alongside the Sunshine Coast Health Precinct.
Stage One of the new Stockland’s Oceanside Shopping Centre is expected to commence in January and will feature six restaurants, Coles and Aldi supermarkets and more than 40 new retailers on completion.
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jrobinson-rf4aSBido9

Curve Birtinya enjoys healthy interest from retirees

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The changes introduced by Scott Morrison to the age pension regime contained in Joe Hockey's May budget should be wound back, the lobby group representing union-backed super funds, Industry Super Australia says.
<div class="cq-article-content-paras section">
From January next year the asset threshold for a couple to qualify for a part age pension will fall to $823,000 from $1.15 million.
For retirees who quality for a government pension, the amount by which the pension is reduced for each additional $1000 of assets over a threshold will rise from $1.50 a fortnight to $3.
Fairfax Media report ISA accused the government of "ad hoc" policy making.
"The more aggressive taper rate undermines the incentive for people to increase their super contributions since an increase in retirement income from this source will be largely clawed back through lower pensions."
ISA cite ISA-Rice Warner modelling that indicates that the proposed changes to the Age Pension asset test and taper rate in the bill are "misguided" because they reduce the retirement incomes of Australians who currently are on modest incomes, and whose retirement incomes are projected to be below that sufficient for a comfortable standard of living in retirement.
"Over time, the changes would adversely affect about 40 per cent of Australians, and 8 in 10 single women," it suggested.
Adopting the same methodology as Australia’s Future Tax System Review, the bill’s proposal to double the taper rate to a $3.00 per fortnight loss of pension per $1,000 of assets results in an effective taper of 156 per cent assuming a 5 per cent return. 
The proportion of new retirees affected by the proposed change will increase sharply over time, ISA noted.
The proportion of new cohorts of retirees affected by the proposed asset test change increase from one in three today to seven in 10 by 2050. This influx will increase the overall proportion of the Age Pension population who are worse off from just over 10 per cent in 2017 to over 40 per cent by 2055.
ISA noted the policy change over time reveals that:
<ul>
<li>The impacts of the change increasingly fall on those earning below average incomes</li>
<li>For couples due to retire in 10 years’ time, the largest impacts are felt just below average earnings ($62,000 or 80 per cent average full time earnings). They stand to lose around $8,600 a year ($4,300 each) or $224,000 per couple ($122,000 each) over their entire retirement</li>
<li>For those 20 years from retirement (aged 45-49 today) the big impacts start being felt by a couple in decile 4, each earning as little as $45,000 today, who would lose $3,000 ($1,500 each)</li>
<li>By contrast, a couple in decile 9 on $145,000 each experiences the barest of impacts, losing just $113 a year each</li>
<li>Over the long run, there are more people affected on below average incomes than above (5 rungs below average earnings compared with just one rung above)</li>
<li>Within 10 years around half of all new retirees leaving the workforce will be affected by these changes</li>
</ul>
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Age pensions changes should be wound back: Industry Super Australia

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GUEST OBSERVER
Few older Australians actually live in non-private housing such as nursing homes. Data from the 2011 Census reveals that 94% of Australians who are 65 or older still live in private housing. More than half live with a partner and another quarter live alone.
Life expectancy is nearly double what it was a century ago. And since the 1950s, a new group of young-old has evolved. These people are fit and healthy, and have little need for specialised housing.
This does not mean, however, that Australia’s current housing options are future-proofed for its ageing population. Architects, developers and clients should be designing new homes that have the agility to adapt to suit the changing needs of occupants. With the number of people aged 65 and above expected to more than double by 2055, homes being built now for young families may eventually be accommodating empty-nester couples or singles.
<h2>Why the need for change?</h2>
Building agility into a house design is not difficult. Zoned houses or houses that can be easily subdivided should be encouraged within planning frameworks along with designs that allow easy retrofitting with technology, devices or design strategies to support ageing in one place.
With housing affordability at crisis level, agile housing designs would enable more efficient use of housing stock as children leave home and occupants find they have rooms to spare. Houses designed to be easily subdivided into two dwellings would benefit older people by providing an income stream or space for a carer.
Alternatively, retirees may downsize as they become empty nesters. But this isn’t happening enough.
A significant majority of Australians live in detached suburban houses of three or more bedrooms. More than half of the detached houses in the inner and middle suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne are occupied bypeople aged 50 and above.
A recent review into downsizing outlined the complex reasons behind housing choices.
Even though family houses are not necessarily well suited to retirees, are retirement villages releasing family homes back to rental or buyers’ markets? Not many. Currently, only around 200,000 of the 3.3 million Australians aged 65 and above live in retirement villages.
Some are located in sea-change locations and others are in suburban locations where land is more affordable. Only now are higher-density, high-rise retirement villages in central city locations springing up.
<h2>What are the options?</h2>
Canada’s laneway housing is an interesting precedent that Australia might consider to increase housing options and densification close to services. The NSW model of granny flats is one that all states could adopt.
Australian examples of co-housing are beginning to appear based on the European model of shared ownership and equity. Co-housing is collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their neighbourhoods in an attempt to balance privacy with community.
Well-located, well-designed apartments close to community facilities are another option for Australia’s ageing population. Apartment choices should ideally be available across suburbs to enable people to stay within the community they know if they wish. These may become the Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC) of tomorrow.
NORCs are well recognised in the US but less so in Australia. There are early examples in Australia, where concentrations of aged people living in a community are linked to a virtual network of support, based on a membership fee.
Spaces should be accessible and adaptable. Housing requires changes as physical functioning declines with age.
However, design is not necessarily just about wheelchair accessibility but also how the community and houses can work for the frail elderly, particularly in terms of mobility and safety. This needs some forethought when designing houses to ensure bathrooms, entries and kitchens are suitable for retrofitting.
Accessibility also needs to be considered when designing public buildings and spaces. Unfortunately, the Australian Standard on Design for Access is based on empirical data for 18-to-60-year-olds. It is not necessarily suitable for the very old and frail.
Both public and private spaces should cater for the rich diversity within Australia’s ageing population. A useful concept developed in Canada is the 8 80 Cities. If a city is designed to suit the needs of eight- and 80-year-olds then it will suit all people.
As mobility reduces, proximity becomes more important. Services and civic infrastructure are becoming increasingly centralised. The corner shop, the local council and other services are being grouped into larger entities. Housing suitable for the aged should be focused near these centres, and mobility to and from them should be considered as this is important for those who can no longer drive.
Access to parks and recreation facilities within distances that the frail elderly can manage is also ideal – with seating en route and well-lit paths, which are safe from cars and safe for mobility scooters and walkers.
With a booming life expectancy, there is a need for collective, intergenerational discussion and ideas about how to better design housing in Australia’s communities and cities.
 
Clare Newton is associate professor in Learning Environments, University of Melbourne and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/clare-newton-10370" target="_blank">here</a>.
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