Lighting

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GUEST OBSERVATION
In 2019, <a href="https://www.communitycouncil.com.au/content/australia-we-want-media-release-7-may-2019" target="_blank">The Australia We Want</a> report noted that at least half of Australian women do not feel safe walking alone at night. This is unsurprising given the <a href="https://www.plan.org.au/freetobe" target="_blank">prevalence of sexual harassment</a> and gender violence women manage when moving through cities every day. Women’s avoidance of areas of the city creates a <a href="https://theconversation.com/no-harm-done-sexual-entertainment-districts-make-the-city-a-more-threatening-place-for-women-81091" target="_blank">complex internal geography of exclusion zones</a> and “take extreme care” zones – all in the hope that this vigilance will keep them out of harm’s way.
Protecting women from the violence committed by some men is a priority. So too is recognising that most <a href="https://theconversation.com/gender-makes-a-world-of-difference-for-safety-on-public-transport-80313" target="_blank">cities are gender-blind and disregard women’s needs and experiences</a>.
We need to understand the patterns that exclude women from areas of cities and not defer to the usual responses – brighter lighting, more CCTV cameras and more authority figures. In fact, <a href="http://planfreetobe.org/">our research</a> into unsafe “hotspots” has found young women’s perceptions of urban safety do not correlate with the most brightly lit spaces.
We know that creating safer cities for women requires one fundamental shift: that we <a href="https://theconversation.com/to-design-safer-parks-for-women-city-planners-must-listen-to-their-stories-98317" target="_blank">listen to women’s voices</a>. We need to develop urban strategies and planning policies that draw on women’s experience and expertise as users of city spaces.
What does the research tell us?
<a href="https://www.plan.org.au/" target="_blank">Plan International</a>, the <a href="https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/labs/xyx-lab-monash-space-gender-communication-lab" target="_blank">Monash University XYX Lab</a> and <a href="https://www.arup.com/" target="_blank">ARUP</a> lighting researchers have pooled their expertise to drill down into the stories of young women and analyse the relationship between urban lighting and women’s perceptions of safety.
<a href="https://research.arup.io/story/cities-for-girls">The research </a>struck on some compelling correlations between light levels and unsafe places. Analysing over 80 of the most unsafe “hotspots” identified by women in Melbourne, the research found that high illuminance – or very bright and overlit spaces – does not correlate with young women’s perceptions of urban safety.
This is important information as planners often light spaces to a high <a href="https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/electrotechnology/lg-002/as-slash-nzs--1158-dot-4-colon-2015" target="_blank">“P” Category</a> (a measure used in urban place-making guidelines) of lighting. It’s assumed this will reduce the risk of crime and increase the feeling of safety.
But our research shows that designing lighting that is positive for women’s urban experience requires more nuance. The findings show that sites with higher light levels are more likely to be perceived as unsafe sites – the average light level across these sites was twice what was measured across safe sites. This is a finding with the potential to radically change a city’s approach to lighting for safety.
The analysis showed that consistent and layered lighting – where there are multiple light sources and where surfaces with different reflective values are taken into consideration – makes women feel most safe. This kind of lighting reduces the “floodlit effect”, the sharp drop-off of light beyond the path, and the potential for glare and contrast to blind and disorientate.
The emphasis on LED lights for their energy efficiency is unquestioned. But in urban lighting they are mostly a higher colour temperature such as 4000K “cool white” and above. This new research challenges the effects of this approach.
Instead of yellowish sodium lighting, women prefer a high-quality LED light that enables them to distinguish shapes and colours. 
ARUP’s research shows the human visual spectrum reacts better to warm light, and the data from young women showed how sensitive they are to cool white light with regard to feeling safe in cities. Spaces with warmer colour temperatures are perceived as safer places.
Looking deeper into the quality of light in our cities, the majority of bad areas had a very large range of colour rendering. The lowest colour rendering came from sodium luminaires that make everything look overly yellow. Women preferred a high-quality LED light that enabled them to distinguish shapes and colour, helping to create a sense of safety.
What does this mean for urban design?
More broadly, the research challenged the assumptions that urban lighting design relies on in general, and the effect it has on the character of our cities at night.
At present, illuminance (the measure of light falling on a surface, or Lux) is the only unit of measurement required to comply with the P Categories of the Australian Standards. Based on the results, it appears other metrics such as luminance (light bouncing off a surface and hitting the observer’s eye) should be considered too. This will ensure the context of material finishes and surface intensity is taken into account for how the eye perceives space.
Through research such as this, we have the knowledge, data and technology to engage women in trialling new ways of co-designing better outcomes for cities after dark. We can use considered urban design as a tool for positive change.
Nicole Kalms, Director of XYX Lab + Associate Professor in the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture at Monash University, Monash University
This article was co-authored by ARUP VIC/SA lighting leader Tim Hunt. The site analysis was led by ARUP lighting designer Hoa Yang.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113359/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/more-lighting-alone-does-not-create-safer-cities-look-at-what-research-with-young-women-tells-us-113359" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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More lighting alone does not create safer cities: Nicole Kalms

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GUEST OBSERVER
The high vacancy rate for older commercial buildings in Perth is a concern for the broader community and the Property Council of Australia is calling on the major parties contesting the state election to take a bigger interest in policy solutions to problem.
The Perth CBD has the highest vacancy rate in the country at 22.5 percent and much of the vacancy is in older buildings known as ‘B grade’ stock, which makes up almost a third of the total stock of commercial offices in the CBD. 
The vacancy rate for B grade buildings is over 30 percent.
The risk in Perth is that commercial tenants will continue to gravitate to the newer higher grade office towers leaving the older buildings vacant, creating ‘dark zones’ in the CBD.
A two-tier office market is emerging in the CBD, including prime and A grade buildings in stronger demand by tenants and older buildings. 
We are already seeing vacancy rates in prime buildings decline however vacancies in older buildings may not have peaked yet.
In a bid to tackle, the rising Perth vacancy rates, the Property Council is calling on the major parties contesting the State election in March to commit to working alongside industry and the City of Perth to enable building upgrade agreements in the CBD.
Building upgrade finance is a voluntary mechanism to assist building owners to upgrade commercial buildings to improve, water, energy, and environmental efficiency by retrofitting existing commercial buildings.
Under the Building Upgrade Finance mechanism, a local council can voluntarily enter into a building upgrade agreement with a building owner and a financier.
Under a building upgrade agreement the building owner agrees to undertake upgrade works in respect of their building. The financier agrees to advance money to the building owner for funding the upgrade works, and the council agrees to levy a building upgrade charge against the land on which the building is situated. 
The initiative has been successfully adopted in Victoria, NSW and SA. However, it will require a change of the Local Government Act to enable building upgrade agreements to commence in WA.
Building Upgrade Agreements are a simple and effective mechanism to overcome the high office vacancy rate in the CBD and prevent the spread of dark zones
Lino Iacomella is executive directory, Property Council WA, and can be contacted <a href="https://www.propertycouncil.com.au/Web/About_Us/Contact_us/WA/Web/About_us/ContactUs/WA.aspx?hkey=4fc8901b-1527-43f8-88ed-c466ebcc6220" target="_blank">here</a>.
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