Engineering

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GUEST OBSERVER
If you gave ancient Romans iPhones, it would blow their minds… but if you took them to a modern construction site they would get it – for, thousands of years ago, they too built in concrete and brick as well as stone.
Today, about a third to half of the carbon emissions associated with a building over its lifecycle comes from creating the materials used to build it, but developers, builders and architects have been reluctant to change.
The solution doesn’t have to be invented. It already exists, in the form of modern engineered timbers. Unlike conventional materials, sustainably sourced engineered timber actually stores carbon. Engineered timbers are also cheaper, faster to build and can be pre-cut in factories, so there is less time lost to weather and safety risks are easier to control. The resulting buildings are sturdy, safe and well insulated.
In a world where housing affordability is an issue, where homelessness is a problem and where climate change is a real threat, I see engineered timbers in mid-rise apartments as being the future of building in urban areas.
Compared to tall towers, mid-rise building in cross laminated timber (CLT) – sometimes referred to as plywood on steroids – has a number of environmental advantages.
Tall buildings are highly inefficient. When you’ve got a tall tower, you’ve got to pump water up great heights, you need cooling as there’s no natural shade and they’re also often badly insulated and acoustically poor because developers cut costs by building in lightweight materials.
And a whole lot of tall towers together leads to poor urban spaces, which would be far better built at between seven and 12 storeys.
The problems are not just practical. We’re living in an age where many architects strive to achieve a design that is amazing, incredible and completely different – (translation: they draw a funny shape and give it to an engineer to work out how to build).
Sometimes it’s better to keep it simple, and make sure that the bedroom has a window and that you can get to the staircase and so on. Simplicity can have its own beauty, particularly when you’re building in timber. Architects also need to think about the construction material and incorporate this in the initial design stage.
In the UK, there are now about 500 buildings made of CLT, including civic spaces, schools and housing complexes. That number is set to explode.
There are currently three factories on the drawing board that will create modular CLT housing in the UK alone, and the largest of these is being designed to produce 5000 homes a year – at a cost of about 20 per cent cheaper than conventional materials.
I’ve also designed the world’s largest (by volume) CLT housing complex, Dalston Lane, in the UK, which is currently under construction. The ten-storey, 121-unit development is made entirely of CLT, from the external, party and core walls, through to the floors and stairs, weighing a fifth of a concrete building of this size, and reducing the number of deliveries during construction by 80 per cent.
Meanwhile, the record for tallest mass timber building – containing engineered timbers other than CLT – is constantly growing and currently sits at around 18 storeys in height.
In Australia, CLT has been successfully used, but is not as common as in the UK. That may change with a recent update in the construction code making it easier to build mid-rise CLT buildings – and with the imminent opening of Australia’s first CLT factory, meaning the material will no longer have to be import_ed.
There are a number of ways governments can help promote the use of timber, including:
Policies promoting a reduction in carbon emissions from buildings – regardless of building material
Timber first policies, which are used in many countries to ensure that timber should be considered as a building material in any public building project before design begins
Commissioning public buildings, including social housing, in engineered timbers to help increase industry knowledge and support local manufacture of CLT
Introduction of a carbon tax
However, in the UK, CLT has taken off without much in the way of government promotion because the business case for it is so compelling, and the environmental benefits a bonus.
Andrew Waugh is a founding director of Waugh Thistleton and can be contacted <a href="https://waughthistleton.com/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Tall towers are not the answer to environmental challenges: Andrew Waugh

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The most active segment of construction in the June 2017 quarter was civil engineering, with 1,020 projects entering construction at a value of $8.9 billion over the period. 
This also reflects government owned projects, particularly in transport infrastructure, the latest Market Movement report by Cordell noted.
In the private sector, renewable energy project applications and commencements have also led in the civil engineering space. 
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/10/26/ConstructionOverview.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/10/26/ConstructionOverview.png" alt="">
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/10/26/CivilEngg.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/10/26/CivilEngg.png" alt="">
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/10/26/ConstbyVal.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/10/26/ConstbyVal.png" alt="">
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Cordell charts civil engineering as highly active

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GUEST OBSERVATION
Only a small fraction of engineers are women. Shutterstock <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lisa-harvey-smith-6452" target="_blank">Lisa Harvey-Smith</a>, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>
Engineering skills underpin the functioning of our societies and economies. As we face the global challenges presented by a changing climate, food and water scarcity, loss of biodiversity and globalisation, these skills will only become more important.
In Australia, we have a high demand for qualified engineers but we train <a href="https://data.oecd.org/students/tertiary-graduates-by-field.htm" target="_blank">relatively few</a> compared with similar industrialised nations.
As a consequence, about half of Australia’s engineers come from other countries. While skilled migration is an important and largely positive element of our economy, relying on skilled workers from overseas could leave us vulnerable to factors outside our control.
Extending the talent pool
One part of the engineering pipeline problem is the lack of diversity in those who engage with the subject.
Industry values diversity because it boosts innovation and improves financial performance. Despite numerous outreach and engagement programs and initiatives, however, only a small fraction of undergraduate engineering students are women.
In vocational training, the number is less than one in ten; at universities it’s around one in six.
This enormous disparity means women are missing out on designing the future. It also means that engineering challenges are being tackled from a narrow set of perspectives.
A search for new ideas
In 2019 the deans of engineering at Monash University, the Australian National University and the University of New South Wales created the Engineering for Australia Taskforce. The goal of the taskforce is to find ways to boost the numbers of women applying for university engineering programs.
The taskforce has two major concerns. First, engineering enrolments do not reflect the diversity of the Australian population, particularly gender diversity. Second, engineering has a low visibility in schools and society in general.
Today, the taskforce launched <a href="http://educationfutures.monash.edu/barriers-to-participation-in-engineering" target="_blank">a new report</a> that explores what factors affect girls’ participation in engineering.
The report is authored by Professor Deborah Corrigan and Dr Kathleen Aikens from Monash University. Based on a review of international peer-reviewed research, they argue that engineering urgently needs to rebrand itself.
What can be done
The report identifies three key actions:
1. Create an inclusive vision for STEM and engineering to address stereotypes. This vision will invite and welcome excluded groups to see engineering careers as a real possibility
2. Work with the education sector to create a STEM and engineering identity in schools, by making engineering activities prominent, positive and relevant
3. Evaluate engineering intervention programs to find out what works.
Potential interventions could involve changes to the school curriculum, adding extracurricular activities or through media campaigns, or something else.
Engineering identity
The lack of an “engineering identity” in schools is a persistent problem and one that resonates particularly strongly with me.
As Australia’s Women in STEM Ambassador, I have visited schools and observed science classes in every state and territory of Australia. I have seen students carrying out sophisticated engineering projects that tackle important societal and environmental challenges.
Often, students don’t recognise that what they are doing is engineering. Students either don’t understand what engineering is, or they don’t see engineering as an attractive career.
Ask a year 9 student if she wants to design a system for rare pygmy possums to safely cross a highway, and you will probably get an enthusiastic yes.
Ask the same student if she wants to be a mechanical engineer, and the response may be lukewarm at best.
So identifying engineering by name where it happens in schools, emphasising the social context of engineering and socialising female role models in engineering are all important steps.
Plan and evaluate
As with all educational interventions, it is vital to plan carefully based on specific desired outcomes and evaluate how effective the program has been.
This will ensure dollars are well spent, and also provide a framework for future educational programs. Evaluation lets us learn the best ways to engage target groups in strategically important areas of training or study for Australia’s economy.
The Engineering for Australia Taskforce report provides important engineering-specific information. Its recommendations are consistent with those of the Australian Academy of Science’s broader <a href="https://www.science.org.au/support/analysis/decadal-plans-science/women-in-stem-decadal-plan" target="_blank">Women in STEM Decadal Plan</a>, which aims to guide interventions to boost STEM engagement.
The taskforce, my office (the Office of the Women in STEM Ambassador) and the broader STEM sector will be working hard to implement these recommendations across Australia. Together, we can achieve a more inclusive, creative innovation sector and a more resilient economy.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/130282/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lisa-harvey-smith-6452" target="_blank">Lisa Harvey-Smith</a>, Professor and Australian Government’s Women in STEM Ambassador, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-needs-more-engineers-and-more-of-them-need-to-be-women-130282" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Engineering

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