Building Construction

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/63263/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
By 2034/35, almost 20 percent of Australians (6.2 million) are projected to be aged 65 or over.
One sector already feeling the impact of the ageing population is construction. In Queensland, the number of construction workers aged 55 and over increased from 8 percent of full-time workers in 1992 to 14.2 percent in 2014.
An ageing workforce is likely to increase the need for less physically demanding jobs or maybe technology might address this issue. Task automation and the industry’s innovation culture are two of the greatest areas of uncertainty for the construction industry.
A new study that developed evidence based scenarios for 2036, depicts how automation and manufacturing could grow in the construction sector, creating more knowledge intensive jobs as a result.
The study explores future technology that eliminates dangerous and difficult tasks, particularly in light of the ageing workforce.
Experts in the industry were asked the extent to which technology would progress and how many or which tasks could be automated. There was no consensus on this and the other point of contention between the interviewees was how bold the industry would be in its pursuit of new solutions.
The research did suggest the construction workforce will need a broad understanding of digital applications, in addition to traditional project management and communication skills.
<h2>Construction jobs of the future</h2>
The trends analysis and scenario development in the report produced some examples of possible construction industry jobs in the year 2036, including:
Building assembly technician
Someone who oversees robotic systems and examines data feeds throughout the life of a project. This worker would optimise workflows and make adjustments on real time feedback from clients about design or changes to materials.
Virtual/augmented reality trainers
Breakthroughs in virtual and augmented reality technology could provide low-cost immersive environments where apprentices and trainers can meet virtually in any training situation, such as worksite, factory, design studio – the possibilities are endless.
Building drone operators
These professionals would control and program drones to carry out complex tasks such as site inspections, deliveries and maintenance.
Robot resource manager
Robots in the workplace will need someone to take care of commissioning, software programming, maintenance and re-purposing or recycling of robotic parts. Keeping track of this exploding field of technology will be a key challenge for the role.
<h2>Other opportunities</h2>
The Australian construction industry is changing with the introduction of digital collaboration platforms, like Building Information Modelling (BIM), robot machine prototypes such as the Fastbrick robot and rapid progress in 3D printing capabilities. These innovations will need more people skilled in the use of software programs and less people for labour-intensive jobs such as bricklaying or paving.
BIM is software that creates a 3D visualisation of a building. However, it extends beyond 3D imaging to show scheduling, cost control, facility management and energy performance monitoring. The UK government has mandated that all centrally funded work is to be undertaken using BIM by April 2016 and the Queensland government has stated that it will progressively implement the use of BIM into all major state infrastructure projects by 2023. As workers' skills in BIM increase in Australia, the improved cost and time saving will drive customers to demand that projects are managed in this way.
Already, in the Netherlands, the company MX3D is using 6-axis industrial robots to print a fully functional steel bridge. Contour Crafting technology, a process invented at the University of Southern California, has great potential for automating the construction of whole structures as well as sub-components and a company in China is using 3D printing to build houses.
The manufacturing part of the construction industry is expected to grow at 5% per annum out to 2023, compared to a growth rate of 2.3% for the industry as a whole. While the current prefabricated building market in Australia is still comparatively small, with only A$4.5 billion of the total A$150 billion construction industry, it is expected to contribute to more affordable housing stock and to take a much greater share of creating multi-storey buildings.
The nature of construction work is set for a step change over the next 20 years and careful strategic thinking is needed to navigate the changes.
The changes will require humans to exercise judgement and decision-making that reflects human values and aspirations; a task that is well beyond the most advanced artificial intelligence systems.
George Quezada is research scientist, Data61, and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/george-quezada-286991" target="_blank">here</a>.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

What construction jobs will look like when robots can build things

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/63717/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
The architecture profession perennially chides itself for being a poor advocate of the value of good design. The phenomenal rise of the Open House movement demonstrates how a simple concept – celebrating exemplary buildings by opening them free to the general public for one weekend a year – has become a successful format for such advocacy, combining entertainment and education.
Since the first Open House weekend – held in London in 1992 when 20 buildings opened their doors to the public – the Open House movement has expanded to over 30 affiliated cities world-wide. There were more than 375,000 building visits at London Open House in 2015. In Australia, Open House events now run in Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Hobart and Adelaide – with Brisbane’s on this weekend.
Though its promotional material borrows from the jargon of the real-estate industry, the Open House mission is more noble: to cultivate a knowledgeable audience for architecture and involve people in the decisions that are made about the built environment. 
The Open House format is also not entirely new. It combines aspects of the logic of the Grand Tour with its education in taste; the public institution Open Day popularised in the 20th century; and the voyeuristic pleasure and insights into everyday life provided by historic house museums.
In cities like London and New York, it is easy to explain the popularity of such an event in terms of simple tourist numbers. However, its success in other locations highlights the way it has tapped into local and repeat audiences. In my home city of Brisbane, there has been more than a five-fold increase in building visits in five years, with over 66,000 in 2015. A number of these are repeat visitors.
In most Open House programs, buildings of recognised historical value sit alongside the latest in high quality contemporary design. One of the most popular buildings at Open House London recently was Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners’ newly completed Leadenhall Building, affectionately known as the cheesegrater for its raked form. However the most popular building was George Gilbert Scott’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office Building of 1868.
Interestingly, Brisbane’s own “cheesegrater” – the ABC Centre by Richard Kirk – has been a consistently popular building each year since its inclusion in the program.
Open House also showcases the latest in sustainable design and innovative development. In 2015, Common Ground, a supportive inner-city housing initiative, and Green Square Affordable Apartments were opened in Brisbane. In Melbourne, you could see how a 75m2 Flinders Lane apartment was renovated for a family by Claire Cousins.
One of the most sought-after Open House experiences is gaining access to private houses. These are often the most difficult to get into and are still considered the jewels in the crown of the architectural profession. And just as Grand Designs has been such a success in bringing architectural content to a TV audience, it satisfies an aspirational desire to see beautiful domestic settings and how other people live. 
However this impulse is not always gratified by prestigious homes. In 2013, I visited the the Jacobi House, the Eisenmenger House, and the Chater Street Residence in suburban Brisbane. They were startling for their respective modesty in size and conception. They had all been lovingly renovated by their mid-century enthusiast owners who guided visitors through their homes as amateur experts.
The following year, inspired by this experience, I opened my own apartment in Brisbane’s Torbreck, an iconic high-rise building designed by Aubrey Job and Robert Froud and built in 1959-61. 
Like the owners of the houses, I felt compelled to showcase Torbreck’s design to a larger audience. Overwhelmingly visitors were curious to see the interiors of this otherwise inaccessible but visually prominent suburban landmark. It was delightful to witness their surprise and enchantment at the clever apartment layouts, the light-filled spaces, and the playful use of materials and colours.
One of the parallel events at Brisbane Open House that typifies the form of soft advocacy it does so well, is the Man About the House stand-up comedy and music show performed by Tim Ross and Kit Warhurst.
In this show, performed for intimate audiences in architecturally significant homes, Ross weaves stories of growing up in suburban Australia; being curious about design and buying and restoring a mid-century home in Sydney, with discussions of the architecture of the host venue. Since 2013 Ross and Warhurst have toured this show as far as London and Palm Springs. 
Ross is a self-made expert, sanctioned by the profession (he was MC at the opening of the Australian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale). He is also an everyman, and performs a journey of personal cultivation in a way that demonstrates the importance and value of architecture to society. 
In Ross’s most recent project Streets of Your Town, a two-part TV series that will air on the ABC next month, he takes this model to a larger audience – seeking out exemplary domestic architecture in our suburbs to reveal its quality and beauty. 
There is a larger question at stake for Ross: he wants to discover how in Australia we lost sight of an ambition for quality architecture for all - an ethos that underpinned much mid-century design - and where our suburbs are heading as a result. The series combines documentary footage, interviews with experts and residents, and Ross’s informal and humorous commentary to take the viewer on a journey of self-realisation.
A robust architectural culture needs interlocutors and the typical Open House program has grown to include parallel events including lectures, films, debates, and children’s programs.
<div class="enlarge_hint">In 2016, Melbourne Open House had a special program of lectures and films on brutalist buildings, a generally unloved form of late modernist architecture that is enjoying a new popularity at a time when many such buildings are being demolished. Brisbane and London Open House have a focus on opening offices of architecture practices to demystify the processes of architectural design.</div>
It is difficult to quantify the real success of an event such as Open House in raising the expectations of the general public for a high quality built environment – and how this might translate into tangible outcomes, such as more heritage listings, or better suburbs. Still, Victoria Thornton, the founding director of Open City and London Open House, is now undertaking an impact study that will endeavour to do just this.
However, the Open House movement demonstrates a softer form of advocacy in bringing conversations about architecture to a larger and more diverse audience.
While it does not take the place of a robust critical culture or the more direct political lobbying that professional architectural and built environment bodies undertake, it has a simple but important value in offering direct experience of buildings and a festive expansion of architectural culture.
Susan Holden is lecturer in Architecture, The University of Queensland and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/susan-holden-291421" target="_blank">here</a>.
 
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Opening doors and minds: the Open House phenomenon

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Last year, Perth-based M/Group and its construction arm, M/Construction, delivered its second Quest Apartment project, Quest Perth Ascot and although construction of the 112-room apartment hotel was subjected to lengthy planning approval delay and Covid-19 regulations, it met strict building timeframes due to a new development model and building process that saw one floor completed every two weeks.

The main structure of Quest Perth Ascot officially commenced in January 2020 and the building was fully completed in August of the same year, an eight-month build.

M/Group Managing Director, Mr Lloyd Clark, said the formula used on the project had been perfected in the development of Quest Joondalup several months prior

“The M/Construction team used a building process that combined pre-cast concrete walls and a hollow core flooring structure with the integration of construction methodologies and custom-designed feature."

“The process allowed for up to 100 people on site at once, and the building program was coordinated and synchronised to adhere to new Covid-19 safety regulations."

With concrete floors and toppings poured and cured over the weekend to create self-supporting formwork, the workspace below was obstruction-free for follow-on trades to install framing and services unencumbered. The process effectively shaved some three to four months off the construction timeline

The Quest Perth Ascot project was the result of an $11.5 million development fund managed by M/Group. Its success was preceded by Quest Joondalup which won a finalist nomination in the 2020 World Travel Awards. 
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The main structure of Quest Perth Ascot officially commenced in January 2020 and the building was fully completed in August of the same year, a build time of just eight months

urban.com.au

New apartment building process delivers a floor a fortnight 

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Co-founder of AllenWargent Property Buyers Pete Wargent has tweeted more than half of the current national building work done has been in New South Wales and Victoria.
Posting through his Twitter handle <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/petewargent" target="_blank">@PeteWargent</a>, he said in Sydney, at the increase in higher density construction has to some extent come at the expense of detached house construction, with house completions in New South Wales still tracking well below historical levels.
<img src="/images/2016/01/22/Screen%20Shot%202016-01-22%20at%2010.53.04%20AM.png" alt="">
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po-LsXgBTHBmX

Tweet of the day: Pete Wargent notes detached housing construction makes way for high density building

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Nearly all respondents to JLL’s Future of Work survey believe the ability to co-work with other businesses and entrepreneurs as the most important factor in the design of the future workplace.
According to the survey, creating a high-end ‘trophy’ workplace is the least important element of workplace design, with only 13 percent of participants interested in working in such an environment.
Some 81 percent of participants said in the future, people would work, live and play within ‘eco campuses’. 
Releasing the survey at yesterday’s TEDx Sydney event at the Opera House, JLL’s Australian head of property &amp; asset management, Richard Fennell, said the survey results show clearly that people want more from their cities, the built environment and their office interiors.
“We tend to think of cities as collections of buildings and roads, but they are, first and foremost, collections of people. Successful cities are cities that not only meet our material human needs, but promote the social connectedness and relationships that are critical to our well-being,” he said.
“From the city perspective, the desire is for more seating and shared spaces to connect people, more landscaping and greening of buildings and more ways to work and be open to the natural elements.  We see this translating to buildings having access to natural elements and fresh air.  And exploring ways to have more intermittent space halfway between inside and out.
“Other ways to achieve more of a work/life balance would be to incorporate ‘nature paths’ within built structures to relax and encourage interaction. 
"It could even include having ‘walking meetings’ and using walking tracks throughout buildings. 
“The importance of well-being and the role that active placemaking plays in fostering and realising its success is a phenomenon that has transitioned from fringe to mainstream in only a few short years.
“Placemaking is now actively embraced throughout the property industry. The role of tall buildings in creating and sustaining environments which foster community engagement, social interaction, personal and professional collaboration, and lifestyle choices, is the new standard expected by occupants, be they office workers, residents or the general public.
“The recognition that this is an imperative for tall buildings is becoming entrenched and mainstream.”
<div>In an industry first, JLL partnered with TEDxSydney to tap into the ideas, creativity and diversity of  what has become a highly enlightened, engaged community that attended the event at the Sydney Opera House this year.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Participants also gave a view about the technology of the workplace of the future:</div>
<div>●     85% said 40% of the workforce in 2050 would be made up of robots;</div>
<div>●     83% said 4D/5D printing would have replaced all manufacturing needs by 2050;</div>
<div>●     66% said Boards of Directors and Governments would be made up of both humans and Artificial Intelligence.</div>
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jonathanchancellor-7SQnKwU6yx

Future staff to disregard high-end ‘trophy’ workplaces: JLL

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The Building Designers Association of Victoria (BDAV) is calling on the public to vote for their favourite building design in the People’s Choice Award category at the 22nd BDAV Building Design Awards.
The People’s Choice Award covers Victoria’s best residential, interior, sustainable, heritage conservation and non-residential design projects across commercial, industrial, hospitality and public buildings.
BDAV President Lindsay Douglas said the awards recognise the ever-growing talent of building design professionals and their importance to the building industry, as well as their local communities.
“We are continually blown away by the high standard of entries we receive across all our award categories. Our building design community use innovation and creativity to produce cutting-edge design spaces while keeping sustainability front of mind."
Last year’s winner of the People’s Choice Award was luxury home The Kangaroo Ground Pavilion, designed by S L Building Designs. 
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/19/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-19%20at%201.24.24%20PM.png" alt="">
Some contenders for the 2017 Peoples’ Choice Award include the Alphington Townhouses, in the category for Multi Residential Design (above) and The Cheese House (below) for Best Environmentally Sustainable Alteration &amp; Additions (Residential).
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/19/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-19%20at%201.25.17%20PM.png" alt="">
Moama Anglican Grammar School (below) is entered in the Non-Residential Design - Alterations/Additions category.
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/19/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-19%20at%201.26.48%20PM.png" alt="">
Voting for the People’s Choice Award is now <a href="https://www.bdav.org.au" target="_blank">open here</a> and closes midnight Sunday 23 July.
Winners will be announced at the BDAV Building Design Awards dinner on Saturday 29 July at the National Gallery of Victoria.
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Vote for your favourite building in Victoria

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Australia’s building market, a main driver of growth, is expected to decline over the next three years led by a drop in residential starts, says a new report by BIS Oxford Economics.
Residential starts are expected to fall 31 percent as key markets move into oversupply, according to the Building in Australia 2017-32 report.
Further, the BIS report says that the value of national building commencements peaked in 2015/16 at $107.3 billion (in constant 2014/15 prices), up 22 percent in real terms since the end of the resources investment boom in 2012/13. 
While a similar value of commencements is estimated for 2016/17, the report forecasts a cumulative 17 percent decline in the real value of commencements over the three years to 2019/20.
The report comes close on the heels of another BIS report that the <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/expert-insights/investing/74238-retail-property-investment-risks-higher-than-ever-bis-oxford-economics" target="_blank">muted retail industry</a> will continue to struggle in the face of tough economic conditions and investment risks in the sector are higher. 
FIGURE 1: VALUE OF TOTAL BUILDING COMMENCEMENTS 
CONSTANT 2014/15 PRICES, $MILLIONS 
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISFig1.png" target="_blank" style="font-size: 12.16px;">Click to enlarge</a>
 <img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISFig1.png" alt="">
A soft economy, weak household income growth and subdued consumer spending will continue for some years, while Amazon’s entry will only add to the challenges to Australian retailers and shopping centres, says Retail Property Market 2017 to 2027. 
“The record breaking residential building boom is already turning, offsetting growth in starts for non-residential building through 2016/17,” said Adrian Hart, associate director of Construction, Maintenance and Mining at BIS Oxford Economics.
Residential building starts will decline sharply in the next two years, particularly in the investor-driven apartments segment, as supply catches up to underlying demand. 
BIS expects the total residential market to fall by around 31 percent over the next three years.
The decline will be even sharper for the number of private high density apartments getting underway nationally, being close to 50 percent.
FIGURE 2: NUMBER OF DWELLING COMMENCEMENTS 
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISHousing2.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
 
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISHousing2.png" alt="">  
Figure 3: Dwelling Stock Deficiency, Thousands 
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISHousing3.png" target="_blank" style="font-size: 12.16px;">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/08/10/BISHousing3.png" alt="">
“Overall the slump will be similar in percentage terms to the residential downturns in the mid-1990s and the introduction of the GST in 2000/01,” the report said.
The economic forecaster’s outlook for residential building activity is more bearish than that included in the 2017/18 Commonwealth Budget, as well as last week’s RBI statement during its rate decision announcement.
The central bank has kept rates at a record low of 1.50 percent for a year now.
In the statement, Reserve Bank Governor Philip Lowe said the “current high level of residential construction is forecast to be maintained for some time, before gradually easing”.
“It may not be as rosy as all that,” said Robert Mellor, managing director at BIS Oxford Economics.
“Our dwelling demand/supply analysis indicates that all states with the exception of Victoria and New South Wales are either in balance or oversupply,” said Hart.
Dwelling completions are ahead of underlying demand over the next two years, implying a national residential stock surplus by 2018/19 despite New South Wales still being undersupplied.
“While high density dwellings do take longer to complete than traditional detached dwellings, when the end comes it will be very swift,” said Mellor.
“The high proportion of investor activity is another risk factor as investor sentiment can turn quickly. Overall, we expect 2017/18 will be the peak in high density residential completions, but that part of the market will slump around 50 percent in the subsequent two years. By contrast, a milder decline is forecast for detached houses. The saving grace is that the floor in residential commencements is likely to be higher than in previous busts.” 
Commercial property, however is a different story.
The Building in Australia report forecasts the value of non-residential building commencements to rise further in 2017/18 – following a cumulative increase of 25 percent over the past two years. 
“Improved economic conditions along the eastern seaboard are driving new commercial and industrial developments, particularly in New South Wales and Victoria,” said Hart.
“Offices, retail and accommodation commencements have been very strong, although the latter two segments will run out of puff in coming years given the project pipeline and fundamental demand drivers. By contrast, education and health segments are poised for further growth in commencements given a range of large tertiary education and hospital projects about to get underway.” 
However, the total value of non-residential building commencements is expected to ease later this decade, joining the downturn in residential starts.
“Except for a few sub-segments, the current upswing in non-residential building commencements is unlikely to be sustained over the next few years,” said Hart.
Weaker prospects for growth in retail sales will see a narrower pipeline for retail projects, while a tripling in accommodation starts since 2012/13 may also push activity in this segment over the top, resulting in a correction, added Hart.
Barring offices, transport buildings (eg. railway stations and airport terminals), health and education, most other non-residential building segments are expected to experience flat or declining commencements activity over the remainder of the decade.
BIS said the looming downturn in building commencements would be a strong challenge to achieving the three per cent growth targets for the Australian economy outlined in the 2017/18 Federal Budget.
“The strong growth in building commencements since 2012/13 provided a welcome boost for the Australian economy at a time when resources-related investment and construction activity fell heavily,” said Hart.
“But with residential building activity in particular now set for a sharp decline – along with its multiplier impacts on industries such as construction, manufacturing and retail – the Australian economy will need new investment drivers to support growth and employment.”
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Residential building starts to plunge 31 percent in three years: BIS Oxford Economics

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Two developers have joined forces for a new $40 million Fortitude Valley development.
Pellegrino Group Australia (PGA) and Mosaic Property Group will work together on the commercial and retail building, The Eminence, which was designed by Justin O’Neill of O’Neill Architecture.
The six-level A-grade building  to be built at 89 McLachlan Street will offer 3,500 square metres of commercial space and 305 square metres of retail space. 
Construction is set to commence mid-November 2018 with completion estimated for late 2019.
Pellegrino Group Australia Director Paul Pellegrino says both PGA and Mosaic Property Group are excited by the project.
“The Eminence has been specifically designed to provide optimal work-life balance with inspiration taken from co-working spaces to make it a flexible corporate environment for years to come,” Pellegrino said.
“It’s a boutique building that’s built to give those businesses with a smaller footprint in Brisbane, bigger exposure – something larger corporate buildings generally can’t offer.” 
Both developers will take up office space in the building.
Mosaic Property Group Founder and Managing Director, Brook Monahan said the McLachlan Street site was chosen after an extensive two-year search for a new headquarters for their company.
“We had a very stringent set of criteria for the property that would house our team and meet our requirements well into the future,” Monahan said.
“The Eminence was the first property that met this criteria as an asset that we wanted to hold longer term.
 “While the building is cutting edge in terms of design and technology, it is also surrounded by exceptional amenity being in the heart of the James Street lifestyle precinct.
“At the heart of the inner-north Urban Renewal precinct the area is full of life and energy and has significant room for continued market growth.
“We also felt that the Pellegrino Group was an excellent fit as a JV partner because of their shared values as an organisation.”
Two levels of the office building remain available for lease through agents Gerry Leyden and Michael Skaparis of CBRE and Alex Cameron and Sam Barr of JLL.
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Pellegrino Group Australia and Mosaic Property Group announce joint Fortitude Valley venture

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The reasons for the <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/fears-of-50-per-cent-loss-in-value-as-opal-tower-owners-consider-legal-options-20190103-p50pgg" target="_blank">cracked concrete</a> that triggered the evacuation – twice – of residents from Sydney’s Opal Tower over Christmas and the New Year are unknown and will take time to properly establish. Many commentators are jumping to the conclusion (yes that includes you, <a href="https://www.afr.com/real-estate/labors-kim-carr-promises-building-industry-reform-says-nsw-indolent-over-opal-20190102-h19mgk" target="_blank">Senator Carr</a>) that the problem is the result of the privatisation of building certification. Instead of being done by government or council inspectors, certification is now done by private contractors engaged by the developer.
It might well be a contributing factor, but what went wrong at Opal Tower is is much more complex than that. Making certification a government responsibility again won’t solve it.
Opal is unusual. Very few residential buildings in Australia have ever been evacuated due to construction defects, and fewer still because of structural cracking. The vast majority of construction defects in multi-unit residential buildings are waterproofing failures. Rather than creating short-term alarm, they create long-term misery. Because misery does not generate headlines, the problem of quality in multi-unit housing continues to be ignored by governments.
Most strata buildings are defective
Strata title allows each resident to own the space in which they live as well as a share of the common property including pipes and walls. It’s the way apartments are usually sold after they are developed.
We don’t have definitive, current data on the extent of defects in strata title buildings. Researchers from UNSW’s City Futures Research Centre have begun collecting the information for Sydney. But there are clear indications that defects are significant and widespread.
A 2012 study by City Futures surveyed 1,020 strata owners across NSW, and found 72% of all respondents (85% in buildings built since 2000) knew of <a href="https://cityfutures.be.unsw.edu.au/research/projects/governing-the-compact-city-the-role-and-effectiveness-of-strata-management-in-higher-density-residential-developments/" target="_blank">at least one significant defect</a> in their complex.
In 2017 a City of Sydney survey identified defects and maintenance as the <a href="https://www.flat-chat.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CoS-Short-Term-Letting-Survey-report-2017.pdf" target="_blank">top concern of owner occupiers of apartments</a>, along with short-term letting through organisations such as Airbnb.
Unfortunately for those keen to leap to conclusions about certification, studies showed the same thing back in the early 1990s when certification was largely in the hands of local governments. In fact, studies have found the same thing ever since speculative housing became common in Australia, from the end of World War One.
In fact, ever since speculative housing development and investment has become common (after World War I in Australia), residential construction defects have been a concern both here and overseas.
The market for residential buildings is extremely competitive, and controlling the cost of construction is one of the key factors in making a profit. Sometimes, the urge to maximise profit dominates to the extent that both short and long-term construction failures are inevitable.
It’s the consequence of cost control
There are, of course, reputable developers and builders, but reputation usually finishes last, undercut by less-reputable players who produce buildings that are slightly cheaper.
Defects in single-storey speculative houses with pitched roofs are probably just as common as defects in multi-unit dwellings with flat roofs, but they are much easier to fix because the houses are close to the ground and no strata committee is involved.
They are also much easier to find; a competent building inspection initiated by a purchaser is normally enough to protect the buyer. On the other hand, a building inspection of a single unit in a multi-unit development is highly unlikely to find defects which are located elsewhere in the common property of a building.
There are 653 apartments in the Meriton-developed Regis Towers, for example, which was the subject of a <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/towers-of-trouble-20181228-p50ol6" target="_blank">long-running legal action for defects</a>.
Intervening at certification is too late
The only practical way to make multi-unit dwellings a good investment for the residents and a decent place to live is for government to take a pro-active role in driving quality throughout the design and construction process, not just at the end when the building is certified for occupation, or at the beginning when it gets a development approval.
It is a simple reality that no other actor in the construction process has the capacity to take this role. It is also simpler and cheaper to build in quality than to rectify defects.
Often, a $1 detail realised for fifty cents will cause endless grief and cost thousands of dollars to fix.
Reducing the amount of rectification required will improve sustainability outcomes by containing the amount of embodied carbon incorporated in the building.
If the building performs well, it will have a longer life and that will reduce the need to eventually replace it with a new building; again saving materials and improving the outcome for embodied carbon. It is worth remembering that 20 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste are produced in Australia each year.
Governments have been reluctant to intervene early
Governments have as good as ignored the problem of defects in multi-unit residential construction even though they have been aware of it for years.
This is particularly concerning because the state governments in NSW and Victoria have been busy spruiking this type of accommodation as the solution to the pressures of rising populations in Sydney and Melbourne. Given this, the protections for apartment owners under existing legislation are ludicrously slight.
Unfortunately, compliance with the National Construction Code (NCC) in its current form is no guarantee. There are so many ambiguities and grey areas in the NCC and in the way that it is applied that it is a guarantee of almost nothing, particularly when it comes to waterproofing.
A simple example is the construction of balconies with flat slabs, which is perfectly acceptable under the NCC. The floor slab is constructed as a single plane from the interior to the exterior of the building with the waterproof barrier at the balcony being provided by a masonry wall or a concrete ridge on top of the slab.
This design almost always leaks within a few years. The reliable solution is to cast the slab with a step, but this is more expensive and as a consequence is rare. Cut-price membranes under tiled terraces are also common, causing leaks, mould and misery, despite arguably complying with the provisions of the NCC.
Fortunately, there is plenty that government could do to improve quality of multi-unit construction without affecting prices much.
Five stars. Information could drive standards
One clear way forward is to make the construction quality of a building more transparent to buyers.
This could be achieved by introducing a similar sort of quality assurance scheme to the one government runs to improve safety in cars; a five-star rating.
People are free to buy a two-star car, but for obvious reasons, not many do, even if they are cheap. Similarly, it is unlikely that many people would buy a two-star unit.
It would be perfectly possible to star rate multi-unit housing for construction quality using an independent assessment body against a transparent set of criteria.
It’s been tried before
Such a quality assurance scheme was introduced by the now defunct Building and Construction Council (BACC) in NSW during the 1990s, but unfortunately foundered due to a lack of funding and will from Bob Carr’s government. This was a pity, as the scheme was designed to drive quality through the whole of the building process, from design to completion.
It still provides a perfectly valid model for a policy that would actually do something to improve multi-unit construction quality at a cost which is minimal in relation to the value of the benefits produced. If a building is built correctly in the first place, then owners will not need to rely on shonky fly-by-night builders and developers for rectification works nor need to claim against complex insurance policies.
If the NSW and Victorian governments are serious about having a greater proportion of people live in multi-unit developments, they have a responsibility to do something about their quality before we are left with a overhang of misery, leaks and failures. Just ask the residents and owners of Opal Tower.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/109428/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
Geoff Hanmer is the Adjunct Lecturer in Architecture, University of NSW, UNSW
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/there-are-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-the-cracks-that-appeared-in-sydneys-opal-tower-but-they-extend-beyond-building-certification-109428" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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There are lessons to be drawn from the cracks that appeared in Sydney’s Opal Tower, but they extend beyond building certification: Geoff Hanmer

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GUEST OBSERVATION
Too often it takes a crisis to trigger changes in legislation and behaviour, when forward thinking, cooperation and future planning could have negated the risk in the first place. Australia’s building and construction industry is under the microscope and changes in the law are in the wind, due to situations that could have been avoided. These include the evacuation of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/feb/22/sydney-opal-tower-report-finds-multiple-design-and-construction-faults" target="_blank">Sydney’s Opal building</a> and the fires in Melbourne’s <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-28/lacrosse-apartment-owners-win-5.7-million-cladding-fire-damages/10857060" target="_blank">Lacrosse tower</a> in 2014 and the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/feb/04/apartment-fire-in-melbournes-spencer-street-prompts-new-fears-over-cladding" target="_blank">Neo200</a> apartment building in February, both of which were <a href="https://theconversation.com/cladding-fire-risks-have-been-known-for-years-lives-depend-on-acting-now-with-no-more-delays-111186" target="_blank">fuelled by combustable cladding</a>, as was the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jun/04/expert-lists-litany-of-serious-safety-breaches-at-grenfell-tower" target="_blank">2017 fire in London’s Grenfell Tower</a> that killed 72 people.
The <a href="https://aibs.com.au/Public/News/2018/ShergoldWeir.aspx" target="_blank">Shergold Weir report</a> made 24 recommendations to improve the National Construction Code to ensure compliance, integrity and more. Commissioned by federal and state building ministers, the report was made public at the Australian Building Ministers Forum in April 2018. But implementation has been too slow to prevent the problems in the Opal and Neo200 apartment buildings. And it included no changes to climate-proof buildings.
A new National Construction Code comes into effect on May 1. Recent events have, however, exposed inadequate construction standards and increased public pressure for further change. This presents an opportunity to future-proof our cities as well as restore public confidence in our construction industry.
Construction codes were created to eliminate “worse practice”, but we are now in a position to make them “best practice”. Importantly, we must prepare for climate change. Australia is increasingly <a href="https://theconversation.com/state-of-the-climate-2018-bureau-of-meteorology-and-csiro-109001" target="_blank">experiencing more extreme weather patterns</a>, but are we ready?
The legislative overhaul must also include building sustainability and higher performance requirements. A low-to-zero-carbon future must be part of the picture.
Construction code changes are needed urgently, not just for increased safety, but to ensure future urban developments:
<ul>
<li>are ready for higher energy demands to cool and heat buildings</li>
<li>are designed to maximise sun and shade at the appropriate times to cool and warm both building and street</li>
<li>use materials that reflect heat for hot climates and absorb it for cooler ones</li>
<li>maximise insulation to reduce energy use</li>
<li>provide enough green space to give shade, produce oxygen and sustain a healthy environment</li>
<li>use water features to cool common and public areas</li>
<li>install smart technology to monitor and manage buildings and precincts.</li>
</ul>
Many leading developers are taking the initiative to ensure projects include high-performance, zero-carbon, highly energy-efficient buildings, with top star ratings, but action needs to be across the board. This can only be done via tough legislation and enforced compliance.
The <a href="https://www.estate.unsw.edu.au/tyree-energy-technologies-building-sustainable-energy-research" target="_blank">University of NSW’s Tyree Building</a> is an excellent example of a high-performance building, as is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/11/sydneys-one-central-park-wins-international-best-tall-building-award" target="_blank">One Central Park, Sydney</a>, which features hanging gardens and an internal water recycling plant. But its most striking feature is its “heliostat”, a large array of mirrors that reflect sunlight to areas that would otherwise be in shadow.
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2jN8-rMbQDM?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" frameborder="0" width="440" height="260"></iframe>
Around the world, high-performance buildings are on the increase, such as <a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/singapore_takes_the_lead_in_green_building_in_asia" target="_blank">313@Somerset</a> in the heart of Singapore, and the <a href="http://nirman.com/blog/2016/08/31/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-center-hyderabad-a-guiding-light/" target="_blank">Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre</a> in Hyderabad – India’s first <a href="http://leed.usgbc.org/leed" target="_blank">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)</a> platinum-rated building. There are many more.
Changing the law
New building standards and compliance are required to ensure high-performance buildings are the norm, not the exception. The construction industry should fulfil a “cradle to cradle” objective for materials. This means accounting for:
<ul>
<li>where materials come from</li>
<li>how materials are made</li>
<li>safety levels</li>
<li>carbon component</li>
<li>recyclability at demolition.</li>
</ul>
Laws covering low-carbon building design are imperative, setting standards for geography, maximising natural light, air flow, insulation and smart technology. Technology can monitor and run a building’s utilities to ensure it’s not only energy-efficient but also delivers a health standard that’s adaptable to the future pressures of climate change.
Sustainable buildings are achievable now
Current know-how makes all this achievable. Over the past seven years the <a href="http://www.lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/" target="_blank">Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living</a> and its industry partners have funded research into most low-to-zero-carbon aspects of the built environment. This has led to many recommendations in reports like <a href="https://www.asbec.asn.au/research-items/built-perform/" target="_blank">Built to Perform</a>, produced by the Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council.
The many research projects include:
<ul>
<li>17 living laboratories providing cutting-edge data</li>
<li>creating low-carbon communities</li>
<li>developing tools to measure carbon outputs, from materials to services</li>
<li>studying the effects of heatwaves in Western Sydney and ways to cool cities</li>
<li>research into low-carbon concrete made of fly ash.</li>
</ul>
This plethora of data reveals that sustainable cities and precincts are achievable, while providing for a growing communities. <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-blockchain-can-democratize-green-power-87861" target="_blank">Blockchain and solar technology</a>, for example, is now proven for managing a precinct’s energy needs and can help turn energy users into providers.
Although we are more global than ever, online and social media have in turn made us locally focused. We can know what’s going on in our street at a click and this technology is applicable to the operation of our future, sustainable cities.
We have the data, expertise, tools and knowledge to make safe, low-to-zero-carbon cities part of our future. But there’s much work to do. We still need to implement this knowledge, use the tools, change behaviour and instil 100% trust in the design and construction process. There’s no time to waste.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113365/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Deo Prasad, Scientia Professor and CEO, Co-operative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living, UNSW
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/dont-forget-our-future-climate-when-tightening-up-building-codes-113365" target="_blank">original article</a>.
Photo: John Gollings (Aerial images of One Central Park)
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