Bond Market

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EXPERT INSIGHT

After years of repeatedly <a href="https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-yet-another-year-of-steady-rates-whats-the-point-of-the-rba-inflation-target-110574">missing its inflation target</a> through too timid monetary policy, in the past week the Reserve Bank has decided to get tough.

Not only did it hold its closely watched <a href="https://rba.gov.au/statistics/cash-rate/">cash rate</a> target steady at 0.10% at Tuesday’s board meeting, it ramped up its efforts to defend its separate 0.10% target for the three-year government bond rate in the face of a mini-revolt by bond traders.

A few weeks back, some of the traders in Australia and elsewhere got it into their heads that big borrowing by governments would force up bond rates - a relationship that was once thought to be clear cut but hasn’t held for some time.

The traders sold government bonds issued by Australia and other nations, which in the case of the bond market, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/07/price_yield.asp">forces up the bond interest rate</a>.

Then other traders piled on, partly because economic outlooks are improving and they thought governments might soon be issuing fewer bonds, and partly because they thought other traders might agree with the traders.

That’s right: “thought other traders might agree with the traders”.

<h2>Beauty contests can make markets mad</h2>

In financial markets you don’t make money by correctly guessing what will happen, you make it by correctly guessing what other traders think will happen.

One of the founders of modern economics, John Maynard Keynes, described it as a beauty contest in which judges are rewarded not for picking the most beautiful face, but for picking the face <a href="https://www.zeninvestor.org/keynesian-beauty-contest/">other judges</a> will think is the most beautiful.

It’s like the rules in <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/family-feud-brief-overview-1396911">Family Feud</a>.

The yield on Australian Commonwealth 10-year bonds climbed from 0.98% at the start of the year to 1.11% a month later, to an extraordinary 1.87% a month after that - a near-doubling in a matter of weeks.

Even the yield on three-year bonds, which the Reserve Bank has pledged to keep at <a href="https://theconversation.com/5-ways-the-reserve-bank-is-going-to-bat-for-australia-like-never-before-149311">0.10%</a> crept up to 0.13%.

Last Friday, the Reserve Bank fought back.

It bought extra bonds a day after completing its usual purchases on Thursday.

This Tuesday, in its statement after its monthly board meeting, it added nine words to its usual acknowledgement that “<a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2021/mr-21-01">wage and price pressures remain subdued</a>”.

Those words were: “<a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2021/mr-21-03">and are expected to remain so for some years</a>”.

And then it released a <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/mkt-operations/announcements/rba-purchases-of-government-securities-2021-03">separate statement</a> reiterating that when its A$100 billion program of buying $5 billion of government bonds each week expires in May it will launch another $100 billion program, taking the scheduled bond buying through to November.

Since the program began last November, the bank has bought $74 billion of bonds. Its message was that if traders thought it was within $26 billion of running out of ammunition, it had another $100 billion. It doubled <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-M8e1YYiQg">the size of its knife</a>.

The bank can’t afford to lose

Keeping control of rates is a fight the Reserve Bank has to win. When it announces a change in an interest rate, usually the <a href="https://rba.gov.au/statistics/cash-rate/">cash rate</a>, it uses words along the lines of “<a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2020/mr-20-06">the board decided to lower the cash rate</a>,” implying that it can.

The more accurate words it <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2001/mr-01-17">used to use</a> were “the bank will be operating in the money market this morning to reduce the cash rate,” an admission that it could only try to move the cash rate, by trading in financial instruments.

So effective have its pronouncements become that in recent years it hasn’t needed to do much trading to move the cash rate - it has just announced the move knowing that traders will fall into line because it could buy or sell financial instruments if it wanted to.

If it loses a battle with traders over rates, what it says will have much less force.

It has the resources it needs to win

The bank will win whatever battle it chooses to fight because it has unlimited resources. Unlike traders, it can <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/education/resources/explainers/unconventional-monetary-policy">create</a> as many Australian dollars as it needs in order to buy as many bonds as it needs.

So far it has chosen to defend its ground on the cash rate and the three-year bond rate. It wants both at 0.1%.

It said on Tuesday it would “not increase the cash rate until actual inflation is sustainably within the 2 to 3% target range”.

It added that for that to occur, wage growth will have to be “materially higher”, which would require significant gains in employment and a return to a tight labour market.

And then the killer sentence, <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2021/mr-21-03">the last</a>, aimed directly at the traders: “The Board does not expect these conditions to be met until 2024 at the earliest.”

Although it released the statement one day before Wednesday’s <a href="https://theconversation.com/gdp-is-v-shaped-but-not-yet-good-these-three-graphs-tell-the-story-156372">national accounts</a> that showed the economic recovery continuing, it would have been aware of what they were likely to show.

It remains resolute.<img alt="The Conversation" height="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/156410/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important" t1tcsswdv="" width="1">

<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-holden-118107">Richard Holden</a>, Professor of Economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414">UNSW</a>

This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-in-the-battle-over-interest-rates-itd-be-unwise-to-bet-against-the-rba-156410">original article</a>.
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In the battle over interest rates, it'd be unwise to bet against the RBA: Richard Holden

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/68979/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
For the past three decades the yields on long-term bonds have been on a downward trend. This has dramatically reversed since the election of Donald Trump, with more than a trillion dollars wiped off the global bond market in the past week and a half.
But it’s not just investors that are impacted by this spectacular reversal. The bond market is a backbone of the global financial system, meaning the sell off has implications far and wide, from economic growth through to real estate prices. 
<h2>What’s happening in bond markets</h2>
Bonds are a type of long-term debt - companies and governments sell bonds to investors and these will in turn be bought and sold on the bond markets. 
The thing to look at with bonds is the market price, which is reflected in the yield quoted or price paid when a bond is bought and sold. Investors in bonds receive their returns in regular interest payments and the return of principal when the bond matures. 
As the price of the bond rises, the yield will drop. With the price of bonds steadily rising during the 30 year bull market, yields have fallen away significantly, bringing down the interest rates around the world.
<a href="/images/2016/11/21/image-20161117-19371-72i9pu.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/11/21/image-20161117-19371-72i9pu.png" alt="">
<h4>
US 10 Yr Treasury Yield. 
</h4>
<h2>Why we pay attention to the bond market</h2>
The price of bonds filters through into the rest of the economy. This is because government bonds are considered relatively risk free, and so act as a benchmark for pricing (relatively more risky) securities in all other markets. 
A company’s shares, for example, are expected to yield the risk-free rate (what a government bond would yield) plus an additional amount to compensate investors for their riskiness - called the “equity risk premium”. Investment in corporate bonds can be expected to yield the risk-free rate plus a premium for taking on the added default risk. 
The US bond market is especially important, as it is the largest and its prices act as a benchmark for interest rates globally. Rising bond yields in the US signal a number of things - higher expected inflation from the touted tax cuts and higher spending, and the need to borrow to fund this expansion. All of this puts further downward pressure on bond prices and upward pressure on interest rates, increasing yields. 
Overall, bond prices serve as a “barometer” of what the market is “thinking”. Especially what it thinks will happen in the future, as the relation between long term interest rates and short term interest rates has a mechanical effect on future interest rates. 
<h2>What this could mean</h2>
The sudden increase in bond yields, most notably the 10 Year US Government bond yields, has broad implications for the economy.
Mortgage rates are tied to the 10 year bond yield, for example, meaning borrowers will need to pay more for housing loans. This won’t happen overnight and we will have to wait to see the long-term effect on real estate prices.
But taking in past history, here are a range of possibilities from the end of the bull market.
First, when long-term interest rates are higher than short-term interest rates, the market expects interest rates in the future to be higher. This suggests that this market sell off isn’t an aberration, we can expect higher yields and lower bond prices in the future, and this trend will continue.
Second, long-term bond yields generally reflect an economy’s long-term real growth rate plus a premium for inflation. Inflation measures around the globe have been quite low and central banks have struggled to reach their inflation targets. Rising bond yields could mean the growth starts to tick up.
Third, there will be more uncertainty in global markets until the implications of a Trump presidency are known. Investors will expect a greater return to investment in US government bonds because of this heightened uncertainty. So yields on long-term US Treasuries are likely to stay up and even increase further in the foreseeable future. But even so interest rates are still low by historical standards.
Fourth, new borrowing for housing will be more costly. The risk of rising interest rates on existing mortgages has been mostly shifted elsewhere in the US economy. Let’s hope that the institutions or individuals holding that risk fare better than the institutions which collapsed during the savings and loans crisis in the US in the late 1980s.
Fifth, this is a permanent change in the nature of global interest rates. Rising bond yields could push up interest rates. Australia’s Reserve Bank Governor Phillip Lowe has signalled no further interest rate cuts unless inflation drops well below its current 1.5 percent level.
Christine Brown is professor and head of the Department of Banking and Finance, Monash University and author for The Conversation. She can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/christine-brown-316660" target="_blank">here</a>.
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