Everything about the inception of Australia 108, Melbourne's tallest residential tower, was groundbreaking, and to this date, still is.

The first proposal for <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/buildings/australia-108-70-southbank-boulevard-southbank">Australia 108</a> dates back to 2009 when Fender Katsilidis drew up plans for what was then a 226-metre-high tower with 526 apartments.

Three years later, those plans were significantly upscaled, taking it to 388 metres and well over 100 levels. The increase in levels would see apartment numbers jump to 646, and a six-star hotel included among office and retail levels.

Despite approval granted by the then Victorian Planning Minister Matthew Guy, Government entities wouldn't make concessions to help deliver a building that breached height restrictions. It was also reported that the tower was so tall that it would have infringed on federal regulations protecting aircraft safety.

Singaporean developer World Class Global then swooped on the large site at 70 <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/developments/southbank-vic-3006">Southbank</a> Boulevard in 2013, scaling the plans down to a 317-metre high skyscraper with 100 levels and 1,105 apartments, an increase in density that saw the hotel component removed. It would still make it the second tallest building in Australia, only behind the QT on the Gold Coast.

Nonda Katsalidis led the design delivery of Australia 108, taking elements of the design from the nearby Eureka Tower which he also designed. Eureka, developed in 2006, is Melbourne's second tallest tower.

Since its completion in 2020, Australia 108 still stands as the tallest residential tower in the southern hemisphere, a&nbsp;title which will be difficult to replicate given the cost of building since the onset of COVID-19, paired with the scarcity of land across Australian cities where height limits are all-but unrestricted.

When a property is difficult to replicate, it can be a strong indicator of future price growth.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=582 project_image_fid=182851]

A major difference at Australia 108 compared to the current crop of off the plan apartment towers in Melbourne, and across the country, is that the highest levels are necessarily solely reserved for the penthouses. Because of the sheer scale of Australia 108, one and two-bedroom apartments can be purchased 67 levels into the sky, something no other development in Melbourne can offer.

There are two types of residence collections on offer at Australia 108, each with interiors by the renowned <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/architects/carr-design">Carr Design</a>.

The Sky Rise Residences, with one and two-bedroom apartments, deliver practical layouts and a timeless design suited to city living, starting from $560,000.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=582 project_image_fid=79946]

The Cloud Residences, positioned from level 72 upwards, comprise expansive three-bedroom layouts resembling the proportions of a traditional home. These apartments range from 120 sqm to 211 sqm and start at $1,528,000.

Each apartment features expansive floor-to-ceiling windows so residents can not only look across the Melbourne city skyline, but look over it.

Given the size of Australia 108, it was important to match that with more than the standard levels of resident facilities.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=582 project_image_fid=182879]

Level 11 comprises the Sky Rise Club, home to a&nbsp;fully equipped gym with a steam room and sauna, a swimming pool, theatre, and a golf simulator.

The Star Club, on levels 70 and 71, might offer the highest resident amenity in the country, excluding rooftops. Over 2,800 sqm is reserved for more facilities across the two levels. There are&nbsp;dual glass infinity pools with extensive views, two gyms, five dining rooms, a sky garden, a private cinema, a reading room, and a luxurious lounge.

Australia 108 apartments are completed and ready to move in.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=582]

A major difference at Australia 108 compared to the current crop of off the plan apartment towers in Melbourne, and across the country, is that the highest levels are necessarily solely reserved for the penthouses

Joel Robinson

Inside Australia 108: The groundbreaking Melbourne apartment tower offering the highest apartments in the southern hemisphere

Discover Avery: A Boutique Sanctuary in the Heart of Glen Iris

Avery, the latest boutique residential project in the leafy suburb of Glen Iris, is setting new benchmarks in luxury apartment living. Developed by renowned architects at ELA Architecture, Avery offers an exclusive collection of just 24 residences, featuring expansive two and three-bedroom apartments, each complemented by two to three private car spaces. Strategically positioned on High Street, this development is perfectly situated to offer residents the best of Glen Iris, blending suburban tranquillity with urban convenience.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mYfwc2hkbrU?si=Dgg1upisASxgINdG" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Inspired by Wabi-Sabi: A Celebration of Natural Beauty and Simplicity

Drawing inspiration from the Japanese philosophy of Wabi-Sabi, ELA Architecture has crafted Avery with a focus on natural simplicity, strength, and timeless elegance. This design philosophy is evident throughout the residences, where every element has been meticulously chosen to create a harmonious living space. From the sleek, minimalist surfaces in the kitchen to the expansive floor-to-ceiling windows, each detail reflects a commitment to understated luxury and serenity.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22546 project_image_fid=288320]

Luxury Interiors with Premium Finishes

Step into an Avery apartment, and you'll be greeted by interiors that exude sophistication and warmth. The kitchens are a masterpiece of modern design, featuring premium integrated Miele appliances and finished with natural stone surfaces paired with dark gunmetal fixtures. A central island bench, thoughtfully designed with dedicated seating, provides an ideal space for both dining and entertaining.

The living areas are equally impressive, designed to be both spacious and inviting. Select apartments boast a central fireplace, adding a touch of cosy elegance to the interiors. Meanwhile, the oversized landscaped terraces and gardens, crafted by celebrated designer Ben Scott of Florian Wild Studio, create private outdoor spaces enveloped in lush greenery. These terraces provide a perfect sanctuary for relaxation, entertaining guests, or simply enjoying the peaceful surroundings.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22546 project_image_fid=288302]

Sustainable Design with Exceptional Craftsmanship

Avery goes beyond luxury; it’s a development that prioritises sustainability and safety. The building features high-performance double glazing, non-combustible materials for the facades, and achieves an impressive 6.5-star average NatHERS rating. This commitment to sustainability ensures that each residence is energy-efficient, offering both comfort and long-term cost savings for residents.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22546 project_image_fid=288310]

Unmatched Location and Lifestyle in Glen Iris

Living at Avery means embracing a lifestyle that balances convenience and leisure. Situated in the heart of Glen Iris, residents are within walking distance of Glen Iris Station, several parks, and the popular Harold Holt Swim Centre. This prime location makes Avery an ideal choice for established families, professionals, and downsizers seeking a tranquil yet well-connected base in Melbourne’s inner south-east.

The combination of large apartment sizes, thoughtful design, and a premier location makes Avery a standout choice for discerning buyers looking for a luxurious, low-maintenance lifestyle.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=22546]

Watch the display tour video to discover Avery in Glen Iris – a boutique collection of 24 luxury residences inspired by Wabi-Sabi. Enjoy spacious interiors, lush gardens, premium finishes, and sustainable design in Melbourne’s leafy south-east.

Urban Editorial

Discover Avery: A Boutique Sanctuary in the Heart of Glen Iris [Video]

In the penthouse market, buyers expect the highest level of detail in every aspect of the apartment, from the design and orientation to the finishes.

Respected Brisbane developer, <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/developers/consolidated-properties">Consolidated Properties</a>, left no stone unturned when crafting the penthouses atop <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/new-apartments/monarch-residences-toowong-600-coronation-drive-toowong">Monarch Residences</a>, one of the best riverfront apartment developments produced on the Brisbane River in decades.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=113455 project_image_fid=302326]

They knew exactly the clientele they were creating their apartments for, in part because their CEO, industry legend, Don O'Rorke, was one.

Don has opted to keep one of the penthouses in the recently revealed penthouse collection atop the two-tower development, now over 95 per cent sold and under construction by building giant Hutchinson's Builders.

We recently visited the Monarch Residences display suite, on site at&nbsp;at 600 Coronation Drive, <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/developments/toowong-qld-4066">Toowong</a>, to chat with Don and the team at Consolidated about what made the penthouse collection special.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dUSgZQJf5qI?si=Judv55Ncbs0dIgpn" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Don says the team worked closely with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.urban.com.au/architects/john-wardle-architects">John Wardle Architects</a> and <a href="https://www.urban.com.au/architects/cottee-parker-architects">Cottee Parker</a>&nbsp;to create a collection of uncompromised focus on quality, timelessness, and attention to detail.

The final penthouses, created to evoke the same grandeur as a home just without the additional maintenance, range in size from 295 sqm to 347 sqm.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=113455 project_image_fid=302322]

They each have different floorplans, but the level of luxury is the same throughout, from soaring 3.4-metre-high ceilings to sweeping views of the Brisbane River and the city skyline from the riverfront terraces.

Everything in the penthouses is top-of-the-line. Herringbone European oak flooring features throughout the living areas, while the kitchen, fitted with a suite of&nbsp;premium V-ZUG Swiss appliances, is anchored by an oversized island bench with&nbsp;Dolce Vita quartzite.

Prospective penthouse buyers, as well as those who have been lucky enough to secure a piece of Monarch Residences, will be moving into the riverfront development in late 2025.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=113455]

The final penthouses, created to evoke the same grandeur as a home just without the additional maintenance, range in size from 295 sqm to 347 sqm.

"A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity": Don O'Rorke discusses the Monarch Residences Penthouse Collection

A growing family and a long-term commitment to a lifestyle that ticked all the boxes were the two key drivers behind the recent purchase of a penthouse at Killarney Ponds in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.urban.com.au/developments/box-hill-nsw-2765">Box Hill</a>.

<a href="https://www.urban.com.au/new-apartments/killarney-ponds-box-hill-4-alan-street-box-hill">Killarney Ponds</a>, the new development by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.urban.com.au/developers/kellarney-developments">Kellarney Developments</a>&nbsp;that is slated for completion early next year, has been intentionally designed so it not only offers larger-scale apartments than any other new development in the area, but the community facilities to match, creating an environment where its residents can thrive privately and socially.

We recently spoke with a buyer of one of the penthouse apartments to hear firsthand why they bought in&nbsp;Killarney Ponds.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wy4Blv8jK-A?si=rKKxGXAMzh4jUSDj" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

The young family secured a two-level penthouse, with three bedrooms set privately on the second level, away from the main kitchen, living and dining space. The apartment, including terraces, spans around 140 sqm, one of the biggest apartments in Box Hill.

The buyer spoke not only about the rarity of such an apartment, but also about the facilities within the building that they intend to use. Residents will have access to&nbsp;a function room, outdoor barbecue area, and playground on level one, along with a gym and technology hub on level two.&nbsp;

There's also an exclusive rooftop terrace reserved just for the penthouse owners.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22636 project_image_fid=297514]

Speaking about buying off the plan for the first time, the purchaser said it suited their needs because the family didn't need to move in straight away.

"We wanted to find the right place because this is a long-term decision that we're making for our family," the buyer said.

"It's a 10+ year decision for us, so we didn't want to rush into looking for an established place if we didn't need to. we would rather wait, and when we saw the opportunity, and say all the boxes were ticked, we jumped on it and it was a no-brainer."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22636 project_image_fid=297513]

It was the first time purchasing off the plan, and the buyer highlighted the effort taken by the McGrath Projects team to help them understand the process.

Reputable builder Sitecorp is approaching completion of the building, with internal fitout to commence soon after.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=22636]

Speaking about buying off the plan for the first time, the purchaser said it suited their needs because the family didn't need to move in straight away

Why apartments at Killarney Ponds in Box Hill are suiting the family buyer: Urban Buyer Q&A

Local downsizers have responded in droves to what prominent Perth developer, Megara, has put together in North Fremantle.

They've recently started construction at Serai, a new mid-rise apartment development designed specifically to cater to downsizers through its larger-than-normal floorplans, high-end fixtures and finishes, and an equally high level of resident facilities, something that tends to be looked upon favourably by those downsizing.

Over 80 per cent of the purchasers so far have been downsizers, predominantly locals, something which Megara knew they were going to see when they drew up the plans.

"We expected the local downsizer market to make up most of our purchasers," Megara Director Jamie Clarke says, adding that everything about the building and its location is tailor-made for that specific buyer demographic.

Megara worked with architect Felipe Soto who cleverly designed the two buildings to encapsulate everything locals love about North Fremantle; the coast and the river. Apartments feature floor-to-ceiling windows that draw in natural light and frame views of the Indian Ocean and Swan River.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=186198]

While downsizers have jumped at the largest apartments, the three and four-bedroom apartments, as well as the small collection of four-bedroom townhouses, the two and one-bedroom apartments have also proven popular.

"The well-trodden path for a downsizer is to trade out of the family home into a large apartment, so the downsize doesn't seem too daunting and they still have space to have extended family or guests stay, but that's not the path for everyone," Clarke says.

"Budgets naturally influence what you're going to move into, but we've had several downsizers opt for our one-bedroom apartments because they don't want, or need, the additional space. They want to lock the door and spend their retirement traveling."

The boom in the Perth market over the last few years has encouraged a stronger downsizer movement, Clarke says. So far in 2024, Perth house values have risen 18.2 per cent, the best-performing capital city by some margin. In turn, unit values have risen 21.3 per cent over the same period.

"The last few years have made the downsizing path easier as those who own larger family homes have seen their equity rise significantly in recent years, compared to fairly mooted growth in the years prior. There's no better time in the cycle to be looking at downsizing while both houses and apartments grow in value."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=186208]

Unforeseen, but not entirely surprising, have been purchases from those living in Sydney with family ties to Perth, as well as expats living overseas.

"They're buying now and securing themselves a residence for future use, whether it be on construction completion or shortly after.

"They also see great value compared to how far budgets stretch in coastal Sydney. They've been in the best-performing housing market for decades and have seen their wealth through property skyrocket. Now they're looking to return to Perth in the not too distant future."

Another facet of Serai that is appealing to the downsizer is the level of amenity within the building. Residents will have access to an infinity pool with unobstructed views over the Swan River, as well as a gym with a sauna and yoga studio, and an outdoor cinema.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=186200]

There’s also a games room, designed with social interaction in mind, featuring a pool and poker table.

The emphasis on community extends to the active street-level area, where a landscaped garden and café create spaces for residents to connect with neighbours.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=187314]

Clarke says having a high-level of amenity is important in modern-day buildings.

"Not just limited to downsizers, but people nowadays crave convenience, and if we can put a high-level of leisure facilities within their building, as well as a cafe, that really appeals to residents who don't have to go far for everything they need."

What has been an important factor to consider, particularly for locals, is the lack of new development coming to coastal areas like Fremantle. Future supply across most suburbs in Perth, particularly those near the coast, is as low as anywhere in the country.

"When we complete there will be almost nothing comparable to Serai, or anything under construction or even in planning currently. There won't be a lot of new stock that is competing within the immediate vicinity, and that's not lost on our buyers who know this is a rare opportunity," Clarke says.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=186200]

Serai is under construction by builder West to West, with completion slated for early 2026.

Clarke says being under construction in today's built environment is a huge confidence lift for buyers.

"Prior to 2017 or 2018, buyers weren't really phased as to what stage the development was at," Clarke says.

"Now they're more informed than ever, and naturally want certainty and assurances their new apartment will actually be delivered. A small minority of buildings don't get delivered, but they're the ones that grab the headlines and dampen confidence across the board."

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=110291]

Serai is under construction by builder West to West, with completion slated for early 2026



Why Serai in North Fremantle is proving popular with downsizers

National Australia Bank (NAB) has brought forward the timing of the first RBA cash rate cut by three months.

NAB is now expecting a cut in February, in line with ANZ and Westpac, having initially thought a cut wouldn't come until May.

Commonwealth Bank, the nation's largest lender, still thinks the first cut will come in December.

NAB changed its call following the August monthly inflation figures that were released at the end of September, showing it had dropped to 2.7 per cent.

"The risk has been skewed to a first cut earlier in 2025, and today’s change acknowledges the balance of risks has likely shifted sufficiently for the RBA to feel comfortable cutting a little sooner than we earlier expected," NAB noted in its latest update.

They added that the cadence of the cuts may be faster than its central profile.

"Domestic inflation pressures are cooling, but only gradually, and we continue to expect the conditions for a cut will not be in place this year.

NAB believes the easing cycle will end at 3.1 per cent by early 2026, which is five cuts from the current 4.35 per cent cash rate.&nbsp;

CBA also thinks 3.1 per cent will mark the end of the cutting cycle, while Westpac is forecasting 3.35 per cent, and ANZ is the most pessimistic at 3.6 per cent, which would be just three interest rate cuts.

<h2>What would a rate cut in February look like for borrowers?</h2>

According to&nbsp;<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn%3Du001.IVvjJ-2BPT0A8C3VxtqKc6e3bj5hBuw27WFEYqovsYs7kPsgFulYrdOzeP8gI7CybJOya3_RgrM7qq-2BfK-2FtAHeRBLv5Qrb-2Bii5fzjLeKcP4w-2FkNgJPXygpiRhVUan3WV3QEggcf617UC8Z60RjQJZAqx7PiO7FtVJQSn0D46Zc3iTVP0kAhTTzG51cPpa5hrqz1OkSA-2BiXAxUajQ686MTtiseWBIdMdknd83aB7cOVgXlVTeHCGf3-2BcMHwfvI8TYlkUovqEhn4dj0KXf2eJGpb9-2BBv20hPXdLlPP9yD7DvFFDBM5yrTqxvcCiMfAsW1onD-2FcriL628eYdhNQE7bwzYrxcOYnmaYfRhGl-2FEHQ6eK2uQcLxs6Cbu6Dx0bYvpi5A6enmxMWU5TkcRYrP6Z8GbXZYtc5qSoKu6eWFBQR9K7fsjXwHMmby3D3X6Yx-2BxcDcdRruTG&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1727774368149000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2vK2ujS77CHs9VRvSSXzLC" href="https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=u001.IVvjJ-2BPT0A8C3VxtqKc6e3bj5hBuw27WFEYqovsYs7kPsgFulYrdOzeP8gI7CybJOya3_RgrM7qq-2BfK-2FtAHeRBLv5Qrb-2Bii5fzjLeKcP4w-2FkNgJPXygpiRhVUan3WV3QEggcf617UC8Z60RjQJZAqx7PiO7FtVJQSn0D46Zc3iTVP0kAhTTzG51cPpa5hrqz1OkSA-2BiXAxUajQ686MTtiseWBIdMdknd83aB7cOVgXlVTeHCGf3-2BcMHwfvI8TYlkUovqEhn4dj0KXf2eJGpb9-2BBv20hPXdLlPP9yD7DvFFDBM5yrTqxvcCiMfAsW1onD-2FcriL628eYdhNQE7bwzYrxcOYnmaYfRhGl-2FEHQ6eK2uQcLxs6Cbu6Dx0bYvpi5A6enmxMWU5TkcRYrP6Z8GbXZYtc5qSoKu6eWFBQR9K7fsjXwHMmby3D3X6Yx-2BxcDcdRruTG" target="_blank">Canstar</a>, if there is a cut in February, a borrower with a $600,000 loan today and 25 years remaining would see their monthly repayments drop by $92.&nbsp;

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">
			Impact of 0.25% pt cut in February 2025
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Current loan size
			</td>
			<td>
			Drop in monthly repayment
			</td>
			<td>
			New monthly repayment
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			$600,000
			</td>
			<td>
			-$92
			</td>
			<td>
			$3,907
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			$750,000
			</td>
			<td>
			-$114
			</td>
			<td>
			$4,884
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			$1M
			</td>
			<td>
			-$153
			</td>
			<td>
			$6,512
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">
			Source:&nbsp;<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn%3Du001.xWMOP9hChsvn-2BC9O-2FebBihXIZ4cEzbiuENdxm-2Bx3-2FYEEgYMhZlKWNj5Zzy1YZ56RuASD_RgrM7qq-2BfK-2FtAHeRBLv5Qrb-2Bii5fzjLeKcP4w-2FkNgJPXygpiRhVUan3WV3QEggcf617UC8Z60RjQJZAqx7PiO7FtVJQSn0D46Zc3iTVP0kAhTTzG51cPpa5hrqz1OkSA-2BiXAxUajQ686MTtiseWBIdMdknd83aB7cOVgXlVTeHCGf3-2BcMHwfvI8TYlkUovqEhn4dj0KXf2eJGpb9-2BBv20v2akwr6-2BqLyRrlEgkJ4J-2BCCyY0x189xEHZA4Ylf8c7ChBqNIkhmftZzoFuZKFn43pw3oJVg2o1gumrpdA-2B7MB-2FBtmL2rFCI-2FXORATQHySCLVOMg7Vywv-2BqnnQUAtDz6XkvpwxdHFXh70VwKazzhJsICilEYOvP4ju0sIfi5g6TL&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1727774368149000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2qVnp6oqATgqDUi2Frm22q" href="https://link.mediaoutreach.meltwater.com/ls/click?upn=u001.xWMOP9hChsvn-2BC9O-2FebBihXIZ4cEzbiuENdxm-2Bx3-2FYEEgYMhZlKWNj5Zzy1YZ56RuASD_RgrM7qq-2BfK-2FtAHeRBLv5Qrb-2Bii5fzjLeKcP4w-2FkNgJPXygpiRhVUan3WV3QEggcf617UC8Z60RjQJZAqx7PiO7FtVJQSn0D46Zc3iTVP0kAhTTzG51cPpa5hrqz1OkSA-2BiXAxUajQ686MTtiseWBIdMdknd83aB7cOVgXlVTeHCGf3-2BcMHwfvI8TYlkUovqEhn4dj0KXf2eJGpb9-2BBv20v2akwr6-2BqLyRrlEgkJ4J-2BCCyY0x189xEHZA4Ylf8c7ChBqNIkhmftZzoFuZKFn43pw3oJVg2o1gumrpdA-2B7MB-2FBtmL2rFCI-2FXORATQHySCLVOMg7Vywv-2BqnnQUAtDz6XkvpwxdHFXh70VwKazzhJsICilEYOvP4ju0sIfi5g6TL" target="_blank">www.canstar.com.au</a>. Starting rate is the RBA existing average owner-occupier variable rate of 6.36%. Assumes banks pass the cash rate cut on in full the month after the meeting.
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Canstar Data Insights Director, Sally Tindall, says if core inflation continues to track in the right direction, or unemployment starts to accelerate significantly, we could well see a cash rate cut as early as February of next year.

“All four big banks now believe the RBA will be ready to cut the cash rate in just over four months’ time, if not before, in the case of CBA.

“However, the outlook for both inflation and unemployment is still highly uncertain. A couple of wobbly sets of inflation data could see the RBA holding for longer, particularly if unemployment remains relatively steady."

&nbsp;

Commonwealth Bank, the nation's largest lender, still thinks the first cut will come in December.

NAB bring forward first RBA cut to February 2025

The following is the statement provided by Michele Bullock which can be <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2023/mr-23-35.html">found here</a>.

At its meeting today, the Board decided to leave the cash rate target unchanged at 4.35&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent and the interest rate paid on Exchange Settlement balances unchanged at 4.25&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent.

Last month, the Board increased interest rates by 25&nbsp;basis points, following a period of four months where it had held interest rates steady. This decision reflected the Board’s view that progress in bringing inflation back to the target range of 2&nbsp;to 3&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent was looking slower than earlier forecast. While the economy has been experiencing a period of below-trend growth, it was stronger than expected over the first half of the year. Underlying inflation was higher than expected at the time of the August forecasts, including across a broad range of services. Conditions in the labour market had eased but remained tight. Housing prices were continuing to rise across the country as was the number of new mortgages. Given this, the Board judged that the risk of inflation remaining higher for longer had risen and an increase in interest rates was therefore warranted to be more assured that inflation would return to target in a reasonable timeframe.

The limited information received on the domestic economy since the November meeting has been broadly in line with expectations. The monthly CPI indicator for October suggested that inflation is continuing to moderate, driven by the goods sector; the inflation update did not, however, provide much more information on services inflation. Overall, measures of inflation expectations remain consistent with the inflation target. Wages growth picked up in the September quarter but this was expected given that it captured the earlier Fair Work Commission decision on award wages. Wages growth is not expected to increase much further and remains consistent with the inflation target, provided productivity growth picks up. Conditions in the labour market also continued to ease gradually, although they remain tight.

Higher interest rates are working to establish a more sustainable balance between aggregate supply and demand in the economy. The impact of the more recent rate rises, including last month's, will continue to flow through the economy. High inflation is weighing on people’s real incomes and household consumption growth is weak, as is dwelling investment. Holding the cash rate steady at this meeting will allow time to assess the impact of the increases in interest rates on demand, inflation and the labour market.

Returning inflation to target within a reasonable timeframe remains the Board’s priority. High inflation makes life difficult for everyone and damages the functioning of the economy. It erodes the value of savings, hurts household budgets, makes it harder for businesses to plan and invest, and worsens income inequality. And if high inflation were to become entrenched in people’s expectations, it would be much more costly to reduce later, involving even higher interest rates and a larger rise in unemployment. To date, medium-term inflation expectations have been consistent with the inflation target and it is important that this remains the case.

There are still significant uncertainties around the outlook. While there have been encouraging signs on goods inflation abroad, services price inflation has remained persistent and the same could occur in Australia. There also remains a high level of uncertainty around the outlook for the Chinese economy and the implications of the conflicts abroad. Domestically, there are uncertainties regarding the lags in the effect of monetary policy and how firms’ pricing decisions and wages will respond to the slower growth in the economy at a time when the labour market remains tight. The outlook for household consumption also remains uncertain, with many households experiencing a painful squeeze on their finances, while some are benefiting from rising housing prices, substantial savings buffers and higher interest income.

Whether further tightening of monetary policy is required to ensure that inflation returns to target in a reasonable timeframe will depend upon the data and the evolving assessment of risks. In making its decisions, the Board will continue to pay close attention to developments in the global economy, trends in domestic demand, and the outlook for inflation and the labour market. The Board remains resolute in its determination to return inflation to target and will do what is necessary to achieve that outcome.

RBA keeps rates on hold at final meeting of 2023

The full statement from the Reserve Bank of Australia on its November Cup Day rate hike

At its meeting today, the Board decided to raise the cash rate target by 25&nbsp;basis points to 4.35&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent. It also increased the interest rate paid on Exchange Settlement balances by 25&nbsp;basis points to 4.25&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent.

Inflation in Australia has passed its peak but is still too high and is proving more persistent than expected a few months ago. The latest reading on CPI inflation indicates that while goods price inflation has eased further, the prices of many services are continuing to rise briskly. While the central forecast is for CPI inflation to continue to decline, progress looks to be slower than earlier expected. CPI inflation is now expected to be around 3½&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent by the end of 2024 and at the top of the target range of 2&nbsp;to 3&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent by the end of 2025. The Board judged an increase in interest rates was warranted today to be more assured that inflation would return to target in a reasonable timeframe.

The Board had held interest rates steady since June following an increase of 4&nbsp;percentage points since May last year. It had judged that higher interest rates were working to establish a more sustainable balance between supply and demand in the economy. Furthermore, it had noted that the impact of the more recent rate rises would continue to flow through the economy. It had therefore decided that it was appropriate to hold rates steady to provide time to assess the impact of the increase in interest rates so far. In particular, the Board had indicated that it would be paying close attention to developments in the global economy, trends in household spending, and the outlook for inflation and the labour market.

Since its August meeting, the Board has received updated information on inflation, the labour market, economic activity and the revised set of forecasts. The weight of this information suggests that the risk of inflation remaining higher for longer has increased. While the economy is experiencing a period of below-trend growth, it has been stronger than expected over the first half of the year. Underlying inflation was higher than expected at the time of the August forecasts, including across a broad range of services. Conditions in the labour market have eased but they remain tight. Housing prices are continuing to rise across the country.

At the same time, high inflation is weighing on people’s real incomes and household consumption growth is weak, as is dwelling investment. Given that the economy is forecast to grow below trend, employment is expected to grow slower than the labour force and the unemployment rate is expected to rise gradually to around 4¼&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent. This is a more moderate increase than previously forecast. Wages growth has picked up over the past year but is still consistent with the inflation target, provided that productivity growth picks up.

Returning inflation to target within a reasonable timeframe remains the Board’s priority. High inflation makes life difficult for everyone and damages the functioning of the economy. It erodes the value of savings, hurts household budgets, makes it harder for businesses to plan and invest, and worsens income inequality. And if high inflation were to become entrenched in people’s expectations, it would be much more costly to reduce later, involving even higher interest rates and a larger rise in unemployment. To date, medium-term inflation expectations have been consistent with the inflation target and it is important that this remains the case.

There are still significant uncertainties around the outlook. Services price inflation has been surprisingly persistent overseas and the same could occur in Australia. There are uncertainties regarding the lags in the effect of monetary policy and how firms’ pricing decisions and wages will respond to the slower growth in the economy at a time when the labour market remains tight. The outlook for household consumption also remains uncertain, with many households experiencing a painful squeeze on their finances, while some are benefiting from rising housing prices, substantial savings buffers and higher interest income. And globally, there remains a high level of uncertainty around the outlook for the Chinese economy and the implications of the conflicts abroad.

Whether further tightening of monetary policy is required to ensure that inflation returns to target in a reasonable timeframe will depend upon the data and the evolving assessment of risks. In making its decisions, the Board will continue to pay close attention to developments in the global economy, trends in domestic demand, and the outlook for inflation and the labour market. The Board remains resolute in its determination to return inflation to target and will do what is necessary to achieve that outcome.

Source: <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2023/mr-23-30.html">www.rba.gov.au</a>

At its meeting today, the Board decided to raise the cash rate target by 25 basis points to 4.35 per cent

RBA hike interest rates at Cup Day meeting

Property values across the country continued to decline over November, research from property data firm CoreLogic found, but there was a further ease in the speed of the declines.

Dwelling values (which incorporates both houses and units), contracted a further one per cent in November, driven by declines in Hobart (-2 per cent), Canberra (-1.2 per cent), and Sydney (-1 per cent).

Capital city housing markets declined -1.2 per cent, with Brisbane (-2.2 per cent), Hobart (-2 per cent) and Sydney (-1.5 per cent), feeling the declines the hardest.

Capital city units however dropped just -0.6 per cent. Hobart (-1.8 per cent), Sydney (-0.9 per cent) and Canberra (-0.8 per cent) the capital's the most affected in the unit market.

Declines however have continued to soften since August when the national index dropped by -1.6 per cent.

CoreLogic Research Director Tim Lawless said the easing in the rate of decline is mostly emanating from the Sydney and Melbourne markets, but is also evident across many of the smaller capitals and most regional markets.&nbsp;

“Three months ago, Sydney housing values were falling at the monthly rate of -2.3 per cent. That has now reduced by a full percentage point to a decline of -1.3 per cent in November," Lawless said.&nbsp;

"In July, Melbourne home values were down -1.5 per cent over the month, with the monthly decline almost halving last month to -0.8 per cent.

“The rate of decline has also eased across the ACT (from a -1.7% fall in August), and is no longer accelerating in Brisbane. Most of the broad rest-of-state markets have also seen the pace of declines decelerate."

Lawless said that it is possible we are seeing the initial uncertainty around buying in a higher interest rate environment wearing off, while persistently low advertised stock levels have likely contributed to this trend towards smaller value falls. He does however note that housing risk remains skewed to the downside while interest rates are still rising and household balance sheets become more thinly stretched.

“There is still the possibility that the pace of declines could reaccelerate, especially if the current rate hiking cycle persists longer than expected.

"Next year will be a particular test of serviceability and housing market stability, as the record-low fixed rate terms secured in 2021 start to expire."

<h2>Melbourne Market Snapshot</h2>

<ul>
	<li>Unit values across Melbourne dropped just -0.2 per cent across November, the lowest declines the Victorian capital has seen since May. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>It's stark comparison to the housing market, which dropped another -1 per cent.</li>
</ul>

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112174 project_image_fid=199593]

<ul>
	<li>Unit values are now -4.1 per cent down over 2022, almost half the declines felt in the housing market, now -8.1 per cent since the turn of the year. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The median Melbourne unit value is now $597,000, and houses $759,000.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Sydney Market Snapshot</h2>

<ul>
	<li>Unit values across Sydney dropped just -0.9&nbsp;per cent across November, the third highest of all the capital city markets. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sydney houses dropped another -1.5 per cent in November.</li>
</ul>

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22748 project_image_fid=204929]

<ul>
	<li>Unit values are now -8.2 per cent down over 2022, which is double the declines in Melbourne. Houses in the Harbour capital are down -11.9 per cent in the same period. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The median Sydney unit value is now $781,000, and houses $1,025,000.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Brisbane Market Snapshot</h2>

<ul>
	<li>Brisbane had the biggest divergence between the house and unit market in November 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Unit values across Brisbane dropped just -0.2&nbsp;per cent across November, the third best performing unit market across the capitals. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Brisbane houses however were the worst performer, down -2.2 per cent</li>
</ul>

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102309 project_image_fid=163977]

<ul>
	<li>The Brisbane unit market has been one of the biggest success stories of 2022, bucking the trend of the downturn. Values are still 7.1 per cent higher than they were at the start of the year. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The Brisbane house market has also remained resilient, just ticking into negative territory, down -0.8 per cent this year. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The median Brisbane unit value is now $492,000, and houses $798,000.</li>
</ul>

CoreLogic Research Director Tim Lawless said the easing in the rate of decline is mostly emanating from the Sydney and Melbourne markets

Property downturn continues, but rate of decline softens again: CoreLogic

The RBA has hiked rates for the sixth month in a row, with the Tuesday meeting seeing rates rise by 0.25 per cent.

Three of the big four banks expected a half a percentage point rise, with just Commonwealth Bank predicting the 25 basis point rise.

The official cash rate is now at 2.6 per cent.

The RBA noted in their statement that, as is the case in most countries, inflation in Australia is too high.

"Global factors explain much of this high inflation, but strong domestic demand relative to the ability of the economy to meet that demand is also playing a role," RBA Governor Philip Lowe noted in the announcement.

The RBA predicted a further increase in inflation over the months ahead, before it then declines back toward the two to three per cent range.

"The expected moderation in inflation next year reflects the ongoing resolution of global supply-side problems, recent declines in some commodity prices and the impact of rising interest rates.

"Medium-term inflation expectations remain well anchored, and it is important that this remains the case. The Bank’s central forecast is for CPI inflation to be around 7¾ per cent over 2022, a little above 4 per cent over 2023 and around 3 per cent over 2024."

As for mortgages, Lowe noted that higher inflation and higher interest rates are putting pressure on household budgets, with the full effects of higher interest rates yet to be felt in mortgage payments.

"Consumer confidence has also fallen and housing prices are declining after the earlier large increases.," Lowe suggested.

"Working in the other direction, people are finding jobs, gaining more hours of work and receiving higher wages. Many households have also built up large financial buffers and the saving rate still remains higher than it was before the pandemic."

Graham Cooke, head of consumer research at Finder, said Aussies with a $500,000 mortgage will be paying almost $9,000 more a year in interest compared to just six months ago.

“Australians with a $500,000 mortgage will be forking out $735 more per month compared to what they were paying in April.&nbsp; 
 
“That’s a whopping amount of extra money to pay every month – especially when everyday items like groceries and petrol are skyrocketing in price."

The RBA noted in their statement that, as is the case in most countries, inflation in Australia is too high.



RBA hike interest rates by 0.25 per cent, points to high inflation

Affordability issues appeared to have curbed borrowing activity of first home buyers and owner occupiers, but not investor loans in September, according to the latest Australian Bureau of Statistics data.

The value of new home loans dropped for the second month in a row.

In September, $30 billion of new mortgages were settled, down 1.4 per cent from August, in seasonally-adjusted terms.

Owner-occupier lending dropped 2.7 percent from August.

Investor lending continued to climb, reaching its highest level since April 2015 with $9.62 billion in loans settled in September, up 1.4 per cent month-on-month.

Increased investor loan commitments were seen across most states, with particular strength in Queensland (up 4.2 per cent), South Australia (up 16.4 per cent) and Western Australia (up 7.3 per cent). Smaller rises in investor borrowing were seen in Victoria (up 1.4 per cent), New South Wales (up 0.1 per cent), the Australian Capital Territory (up 1.0 per cent) and Tasmania (up 1.4 per cent). 

For the eighth conscutive month, the number of owner-occupier first home buyer loans fell, down 5.6 per cent in September, to be down 27.1 percent since the January peak.

Ratecity noted Victoria, in lockdown, led the retreat with the number of first home buyer loans dropping 16.7 percent in the month, while NSW dropped by 3.1 percent.

Western Australia fhbs had the largest rise of 5.9 percent, while Queensland rose 2.1 percent and South Australia rose 4.3 percent.

ABS head of finance and wealth, Katherine Keenan, said the average loan size for owner occupiers has grown, but the value of new loan commitments for owner-occupier housing fell for the fourth month in a row, to $20.7 billion in September.

"Affordability constraints are biting in the first home buyer space, with dwelling prices rising by over 20% on an annual basis," the Comm Bank said.

NSW owner occupiers borrowed an average of $750,000 in September which was a record high.

The big banks are all now applying stricter loan criteria on applications as of November 1 given lending requirements imposed by APRA.

There has been positive growth in investors taking on mortgages since October last year

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Investors return to property with six year borrowing high: ABS 

RBA Governor Statement

At its meeting today, the Board decided to:

maintain the cash rate target at 10&nbsp;basis points and the interest rate on Exchange Settlement balances of zero per&nbsp;cent

maintain the target of 10&nbsp;basis points for the April 2024 Australian Government bond

purchase government securities at the rate of $4&nbsp;billion a week and to continue the purchases at this rate until at least mid February 2022.

Prior to the Delta outbreak the Australian economy had considerable momentum. GDP increased by 0.7&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent in the June quarter and by nearly 10&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent over the year. Business investment was picking up and the labour market had strengthened. The unemployment rate had fallen below 5&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent and job vacancies were at a high level.

The recovery in the Australian economy has, however, been interrupted by the Delta outbreak and the associated restrictions on activity. GDP is expected to decline materially in the September quarter and the unemployment rate will move higher over coming months. While the outbreak is affecting most parts of the economy, the impact is uneven, with some areas facing very difficult conditions while others are continuing to grow strongly.

This setback to the economic expansion is expected to be only temporary. The Delta outbreak is expected to delay, but not derail, the recovery. As vaccination rates increase further and restrictions are eased, the economy should bounce back. There is, however, uncertainty about the timing and pace of this bounce-back and it is likely to be slower than that earlier in the year. Much will depend on the health situation and the easing of restrictions on activity. In our central scenario, the economy will be growing again in the December quarter and is expected to be back around its pre-Delta path in the second half of next year.

Notwithstanding the strong economic and labour market outcomes pre-Delta, wage and price pressures remain subdued. Over the year to the June quarter, the Wage Price Index increased by just 1.7&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent.

Housing prices are continuing to rise, although turnover in some markets has declined following the virus outbreak. Housing credit growth has picked up due to stronger demand for credit by both owner-occupiers and investors. Given the environment of rising housing prices and low interest rates, the Bank is monitoring trends in housing borrowing carefully and it is important that lending standards are maintained.

Very accommodative financial conditions will continue to support the recovery of the Australian economy. Borrowing rates are at record lows, sovereign bond yields are at very low levels and the exchange rate has depreciated over recent months. The fiscal responses by the Australian Government and the state and territory governments are also providing welcome assistance in supporting household and business balance sheets.

The Board&#39;s decision to extend the bond purchases at $4&nbsp;billion a week until at least February 2022 reflects the delay in the economic recovery and the increased uncertainty associated with the Delta outbreak. The Board will continue to review the bond purchase program in light of economic conditions and the health situation, and their implications for the expected progress towards full employment and the inflation target. These bond purchases, together with the low level of the cash rate, the yield target and the funding that has been provided under the Term Funding Facility, are providing substantial and ongoing support to the Australian economy.

The Board is committed to maintaining highly supportive monetary conditions to achieve a return to full employment in Australia and inflation consistent with the target. It will not increase the cash rate until actual inflation is sustainably within the 2&nbsp;to 3&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent target range. The central scenario for the economy is that this condition will not be met before 2024. Meeting this condition will require the labour market to be tight enough to generate wages growth that is materially higher than it is currently.

RBA holds rates, turnover declines following the virus outbreak: RBA Governor Philip Lowe's September 2021 meeting statement

The RBA has held interest rates at a record low 0.1 per cent at its September meeting.

RBA Governor Philip Lowe&#39;s said that housing prices are continuing to rise, although turnover in some markets has declined following the virus outbreak.

&quot;Housing credit growth has picked up due to stronger demand for credit by both owner-occupiers and investors, Lowe noted.

&quot;Given the environment of rising housing prices and low interest rates, the Bank is monitoring trends in housing borrowing carefully and it is important that lending standards are maintained.&quot;

In Finder.com.au&#39;s monthly RBA Survey, AMP Capital chief economist Shane Oliver said the lockdown and its hit to the economy&nbsp;has further delayed the time when the effective RBA conditions &ndash; full employment and 3% or more wages growth to sustain 2-3% inflation &ndash; will be met to justify a rate hike.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=103179 project_image_fid=167473]

Commentator Saul Eslake said he takes the RBA at its word&nbsp;when it says it won&#39;t begin tightening monetary policy until the labour market is sufficiently tight to generate wage inflation that&#39;s sufficiently strong to push &#39;underlying&#39; consumer price inflation sustainably into the 2-3% target range.

&quot;While I think that may well be sooner than the RBA&#39;s &lsquo;central case&rsquo; of 2024, I don&#39;t think it will be any earlier than mid-2023,&quot; Eslake says.

Dr Andrew Wilson from My Housing Market says that no change in fundamental economic weakness confirmed again with low wages growth despite robust labour market.

&quot;As usual &ndash; absolutely no plausible case on current data for higher rates over the foreseeable future &ndash; and then there is Covid.&quot;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102580 project_image_fid=167435]

New research from Finder reveals that over half of&nbsp;homeowners across the country&nbsp;are concerned about interest rates increasing in the near future.

Around15% fear they may not be able to make their repayments once rates creep up.

Finder.com.au&#39;s head of consumer research Graham Cooke says some homeowners may have purchased beyond their means in the midst of the housing market frenzy.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=22308 project_image_fid=75031]

&ldquo;The past 12 months have seen property prices explode as record numbers of Australians have fled into the housing market,&quot; Cooke says.

&ldquo;Low interest rates have encouraged many buyers to purchase earlier than they otherwise might have for fear of missing out.

&ldquo;But not all of them will have budgeted for their monthly repayments to go up if or before the cash rate increases,&rdquo; Cooke said.

Finder analysis reveals the average monthly mortgage payments in Sydney are worth 76% of the average worker&rsquo;s after-tax earnings &ndash; the highest in the country. Melbourne (57%) is not far behind, followed by Canberra (49%) and Hobart (49%). Perth is at the bottom of the list, with the average mortgage costing a more reasonable 35% of average earnings.

RBA Governor Philip Lowe's said that housing prices are continuing to rise, although turnover in some markets has declined following the virus outbreak

RBA leave cash rate on hold at September meeting

The RBA has held interest rates at a record low 0.1 per cent at its August meeting.

RBA Governor Philip Lowe&#39;s comments on the housing market were much the same, noting all markets continuing to strengthen, with prices rising in all major markets.

He did cite an increase in borrowing by investors, and that given the environment of rising housing prices and low interest rates, the Bank is monitoring trends in housing borrowing carefully and it is important that lending standards are maintained.

The experts and economists surveyed in Finder.com.au&#39;s RBA Cash Rate Survey all called the cash rate hold, with 75 per cent predicting the increase won&#39;t happen until 2023.

Tony Makin of Griffith University was the lone expert predicting the rate to rise before 2022.

&quot;In coming months a clearer picture will emerge of underlying inflation trends both in the US and [in Australia]. The recent US inflation spike is unlikely to be temporary given the massive money supply increase, recovery from the pandemic, and substantial US fiscal expansion.&quot;

AMP Capital&#39;s Shane Oliver said the RBA is still a long way from meeting its conditions for a rate hike &ndash; namely inflation sustainably back in the 2&ndash;3% target range which will require full employment and wages growth sustainably above 3%. And the latest coronavirus outbreaks and lockdowns risk delaying progress towards its goals.

Over a third of experts (71%), called for a change in stamp duty.

They agree that changes need to be made to either stamp duty or government stimulus in order to help buyers enter the property market.

Just over half (54%) think that only stamp duty should be changed, while another third (29%) think neither should be changed.

Finder&#39;s insights manager Graham Cooke said an easing of stamp duty could reduce the burden for first time buyers and establish a more even playing field.

&ldquo;Stamp duty is essentially a tax that slows down the turnover of property. It discourages current&nbsp;homeowners from downsizing, which locks up some of the market. &ldquo;A long-term land tax would provide a fairer long-term solution, while adding liquidity to the housing market,&rdquo; Cooke said.

RBA holds rates at August meeting, experts call for stamp duty changes

RBA Governor Statement

The economic recovery in Australia has been stronger than was earlier expected. The recent outbreaks of the virus are, however, interrupting the recovery and GDP is expected to decline in the September quarter. The experience to date has been that once virus outbreaks are contained, the economy bounces back quickly. Prior to the current virus outbreaks, the Australian economy had considerable momentum and it is still expected to grow strongly again next year. The economy is benefiting from significant additional policy support and the vaccination program will also assist with the recovery.

The economic outlook for the coming months is uncertain and depends upon the evolution of the health situation and the containment measures. Beyond that, the Bank&#39;s central scenario is for the economy to grow by a little over 4&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent over 2022 and by around 2&frac12; per&nbsp;cent over 2023. This scenario is based on a significant share of the population being vaccinated by the end of this year and a gradual opening up of the international border from the middle of 2022. The Board also considered a range of other scenarios, with the main source of uncertainty being the health situation.

The labour market has recovered faster than expected, with the unemployment rate declining further to 4.9&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent in June. Job vacancies have remained at a high level and there are reports of labour shortages in parts of the economy. Some increase in the unemployment rate is expected in the near term due to the current lockdowns, but most of the adjustment in the labour market is likely to take place through a reduction in hours worked and in participation. In the central scenario, the unemployment rate continues to trend lower next year, to be around 4&frac14; per&nbsp;cent at the end of 2022 and 4&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent at the end of 2023.

The CPI inflation rate spiked to 3.8&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent for the year to the June quarter, largely reflecting the unwinding of some earlier&nbsp;COVID-19-related price declines. In underlying terms, inflation remains low, at around 1&frac34; per&nbsp;cent.

Looking forward, a pick-up in both wages growth and underlying inflation is expected, but this pick-up is likely to be only gradual. In the Bank&#39;s central scenario, it takes some years for the stronger economy to feed through into wage and price increases that are consistent with the inflation target. In underlying terms, inflation is expected to be 1&frac34; per&nbsp;cent over 2022 and 2&frac14; per&nbsp;cent over 2023. One source of uncertainty is the behaviour of wages and prices at the low levels of forecast unemployment, including because it is some decades since Australia has sustained an unemployment rate around 4&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent.

Housing markets have continued to strengthen, with prices rising in all major markets. Housing credit growth has picked up, with strong demand from owner-occupiers, including first-home buyers. There has also been increased borrowing by investors. Given the environment of rising housing prices and low interest rates, the Bank is monitoring trends in housing borrowing carefully and it is important that lending standards are maintained.

Domestic financial conditions remain very accommodative, sovereign bond yields have declined and the exchange rate has depreciated to around its lowest level this year, despite elevated levels of commodity prices. The recent fiscal responses by the Australian Government and the state and territory governments are also providing welcome support to the economy at a time of significant short-term disruption.

The Board remains committed to maintaining highly accommodative monetary conditions to support a return to full employment in Australia and inflation consistent with the target. Together, the low level of the cash rate, the bond purchase program, the yield target and the ongoing funding that has been provided under the Term Funding Facility are providing substantial support to the Australian economy in the face of lockdowns in parts of the country and the expected resumption of the economic expansion.

The Board will maintain its flexible approach to the rate of bond purchases. The program will continue to be reviewed in light of economic conditions and the health situation, and their implications for the expected progress towards full employment and the inflation target. The Board will not increase the cash rate until actual inflation is sustainably within the 2&nbsp;to 3&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent target range. The central scenario for the economy is that this condition will not be met before 2024. Meeting this condition will require the labour market to be tight enough to generate wages growth that is materially higher than it is currently.

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