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Interest rates decision could boil down to oil: RBA Shadow Board

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The CAMA RBA Shadow Board is a project by the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, based at the ANU, which asks industry and academic economists what interest rate the Reserve Bank of Australia should set. Timo Henckel is the non-voting chair of the board.
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Timo Henckel is lecturer, Research School of Economics, ANU, and research associate, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis at Australian National University:
Last month, the Reserve Bank of Australia surprised many by lowering the cash rate from 2.5% to 2.25%, pointing to a likely fall in economic growth over the next 12 months – around 2.25%, well below trend of 3%. Some analysts are calling for another cut tomorrow.
(The RBA Shadow Board had on balance recommended <a href="https://theconversation.com/interest-rates-decision-could-boil-down-to-oil-rba-shadow-board-37037" target="_blank">a policy of no change</a>. Read a further explanation by Shadow Board member and UNSW Australia Business School Professor James Morley <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-rba-cut-rates-we-said-it-shouldnt-heres-why-37666" target="_blank">here</a>.)
Weak labour market data confirms the soft economic outlook, and financial markets are anticipating another possible rate cut during the next few months. The CAMA RBA Shadow Board, however, on balance prefers to hold rates and still considers it necessary that the cash rate is lifted in six-12 months.
In particular, the Shadow Board recommends with confidence that the cash rate be held at its current level of 2.25%; the Board attaches a 64% probability to this being the appropriate policy setting. The confidence attached to a required rate cut equals 14%, while the confidence in a required rate hike stands at 22%.
Recent labour market data underline the cracks in the Australian economy: according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the unemployment rate jumped to 6.4%, its highest since 2002. The seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate remained at 64.8% but wage growth is weak, 2.5% in nominal terms. Stagnant real wages will put the brakes on consumer spending and make it less likely that GDP growth ticks up again.
The fall of the Aussie dollar has halted at around 78 US¢. There are clear signs the weaker dollar is helping the domestic economy. However, the danger is that Australia is becoming embroiled in the global currency war, whereby countries loosen monetary policy in an attempt to gain international competitiveness.
While feasible for countries individually, collectively the world as a whole cannot devalue (exchange rates are relative prices, not absolute prices), and consequently the world economy becomes inundated with liquidity, leading to all sorts of false price signals and economic dislocations. Such concerns underlie the scepticism towards further rate cuts.
Confidence measures remained mixed. Consumer confidence bounced back in February, with the Westpac Consumer Sentiment Index coming in at 100.70 this month (93.2 in the previous month). Business confidence measures remain largely unchanged, but the most recent estimate of capacity utilisation dropped from 80.53% in December to 79.96% in January. As the economy is rebalancing and trying to come to terms with the many domestic and international uncertainties, consumer and business confidence measures will continue to lack clear direction.
The picture for the global economy looks much the same as in the previous month: Europe is weak while working through a plan to restructure Greek debt, China is steadying, while the US economy remains the only relative highlight in the world economy.
<h2>What the CAMA Shadow Board believes</h2>
The consensus to keep the cash rate at its current level of 2.25% equals 64%. There is little confidence (only 14%) that another rate cut is appropriate whereas the Shadow Board considers it more likely (22%) that a rate hike, to 2.5% or higher, is the appropriate policy decision for this month.
The probabilities at longer horizons are as follows: six months out, the estimated probability that the cash rate should remain at 2.25% equals 31%. The estimated need for an interest rate increase lies at 56%, while the need for a rate decrease is estimated at 13%. A year out, the Shadow Board members’ confidence in a required cash rate increase equals 63%, in a required cash rate decrease 12% and in a required hold of the cash rate 26%.
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<h2>Comments from Shadow Reserve bank members</h2>
Mark Crosby, Associate Professor, Melbourne Business School:
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“The RBA could use up all its ammunition.”
Having unexpectedly cut last month, it would seem to make sense to hold and wait before moving again. International developments remain uncertain but are stable, and I have a concern that the RBA is using up all of its ammunition before it becomes absolutely necessary.
At longer horizons it still seems likely that raising to more neutral levels rather than cutting rates would seem desirable.
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Bob Gregory, Professor of Economics at Australian National University:
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I did not support the interest rate change last month. Still worried about housing and think we gain very little else from a cut.
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Guay Lim, Professorial Fellow, Deputy Director, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research at University of Melbourne:
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“It’s unclear that further cuts would stimulate real spending.”
It would be difficult to make the case for another cut in the cash rate following so soon after the cut last month. This is not to detract from real concerns that growth remains below trend, but one reason for pause is that it is unclear that further cuts would stimulate real spending.
This is not the appropriate forum to discuss economic research, but it is apposite to note that the relationship between spending (in real terms) and the cash rate appeared to have changed post-global financial crisis. From 1993-2007, lowering the cash rate appeared to have had the desired effect of stimulating growth in real GNE, but post GFC, the evidence is not so apparent.
Unless there are clear signals of worsening economic conditions, it seems prudent to keep rates steady rather than risk fuelling asset-price inflation. And there are signs of improvement! The US economy is recovering steadily and growth in China, though slower, is still robust. Meanwhile, the exchange rate has depreciated and consumer confidence has picked up.
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Jeffrey Sheen, Professor and Head of Department of Economics, Macquarie University, Editor, The Economic Record, CAMA:
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“In the absence of a fiscal response, monetary policy carries the burden.”
The Australian economy continues with below-normal activity. There is little on the horizon that might restore normality: the labour market weakened in January with the unemployment rate reaching 6.4% and wage rises showing moderation at 2.7%; planned capital expenditures are showing significant declines, particularly in mining and manufacturing; the TWI appreciated by 3% in February despite continued weakening in commodity prices; and the weighted growth of Australia’s major.trading partners remained modest.
The main downside risk to a further easing of monetary policy is asset price inflation, but this is not an obvious problem at this stage - for example only Sydney and Melbourne housing prices are growing much faster than Australia’s 5%.
The RBA Board judged the evident weaknesses last month to merit a relaxation of monetary policy, and the data releases this month give further support to that judgment. In the apparent absence of a cogent fiscal response, monetary policy needs to carry an even bigger burden for the time being.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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Labour market weakens, but RBA Shadow Board recommends against further rate cut

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GUEST OBSERVER
Wild swings in global stock markets have made investors edgy, the economic news coming out of China is not favourable and domestic private investment has plummeted. On the other hand, US growth surged to 3.7% annually and fears of a debt crisis in the Euro zone have abated. Latest estimates still put inflation at 1.5%, below the Reserve Bank of Australia’s target band of 2-3%.
The Shadow Board’s confidence that the cash rate should remain at its current level of 2% equals 77% (up from 68% in August). The confidence that a rate cut is appropriate has edged up three percentage points, to 9%; conversely, the confidence that a rate increase, to 2.25% or higher, is called for, has decreased considerably for the third time in a row, from 35% in July and 25% in August to 14%.
Latest figures show that Australia’s unemployment rate increased to 6.3% in July, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, even though total employment rose by nearly 40,000 in July. Nominal wage growth remains muted at 2.3% and is forecast to remain low in the next quarter.
The Aussie dollar depreciated further against major currencies. It now fetches less than 72 US¢. Yields on Australian 10-year government bonds remain low at 2.71%.
As already pointed out in last month’s statement, the Australian property market appears to be cooling and the local sharemarket is retreating further from its highs earlier this year.
The elephant about to enter the room is the dramatic fall in new private capital expenditure, equalling a sizable 4.0% in the June quarter, bringing the annual decline to 10.5%, the largest drop since the last recession in 1992. The large drop is largely attributable to the contraction of the mining sector; however, firms in other sectors are also planning to cut spending, posing a serious threat to the Australian economy.
The recent gyrations in worldwide stock markets have highlighted the frothiness in global asset prices. To what extent volatility and uncertainty in asset markets spills over into the real economy is, of course, unclear. However, few economists doubt that asset markets are relying on ultra-low interest rates to persist. Concerns about any debt crisis in the Euro zone have waned since the recent 80 billion Euro credit extended to Greece.
As in previous months, the deteriorating outlook for the Chinese economy pose the biggest immediate threat to Australia’s export markets and thus to Australia’s GDP. US growth, on the other hand, has been revised up to 3.7% (annualized) for the second quarter 2015, presenting a dilemma for the Federal Reserve Bank: the strong economic performance suggests an increase in the federal funds rate is around the corner but if volatility in stock markets persists, signalling heightened uncertainty about the future, the Fed may be tempted to postpone the interest rate increase. Commodity prices have continued to fall, with crude oil dipping below $40 a barrel.
Also of concern is the sizable contraction of world trade in the first half of this year. The volume of global trade shrank by 0.5% in the June quarter, while the figures for the March quarter were revised to a 1.5% contraction, indicating that world trade recorded its largest contraction since the 2008 global financial crisis.
Consumer and producer sentiment measures paint a motley picture. The Westpac/Melbourne Institute Consumer Sentiment Index jumped from 92.3 in July to 99.5 in August. Business confidence, according to the NAB business survey slumped from 10 in July to 4 in August, at the same time as the AIG manufacturing and services indices, both considered leading economic indicators, recorded notable improvements.
What the Shadow Board believes
The probabilities at longer horizons are as follows: 6 months out, the estimated probability that the cash rate should remain at 2% equals 27% (23% in August). The estimated need for an interest rate increase lies at 65% (73% in August), while the need for a rate decrease is estimated at 8% (4% in August).
A year out, the Shadow Board members’ confidence in a required cash rate increase equals 72% (six percentage down from August), in a required cash rate decrease 9% (7% in August) and in a required hold of the cash rate 18% (up from 15% in August).
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Comments from Shadow Board members
Mark Crosby, Associate Professor, Melbourne Business School:
“The longer term outlook is still uncertain.”
Recent global gyrations should make the RBA hold rates this month, and with a recovery in equity markets outside of China there seems little reason to cut rates. The longer term outlook is still uncertain, with global trade falls the most recent worrying data in the global economy and far more consequential than falls in Chinese equity markets.
 
Guay Lim, Professorial Fellow, Deputy Director, Melbourne Institute:
“International interest rates are likely to rise.”
International interest rates are likely to rise, as growth and employment in the US appear to be stabilising at normal rates. While Australian asset markets are expected to continue to be volatile, the exchange rate is expected to remain low. Keeping the official rate steady at 2% would help offset some of the negative effects of uncertainty in the international environment on the domestic economy – as well keep the policy rate well above the zero lower bound.
 
James Morley, Professor of Economics and Associate Dean (Research) at UNSW Australia Business School:
“The RBA should not provide a ‘Greenspan put’.”
Given the recent turbulence in financial markets and underlying inflation being at the low end of the target range, the RBA should hold its policy rate steady rather than raise it. But with a stable real economy, an overheated housing market, and a low dollar stimulating the foreign sector, the RBA should not provide a “Greenspan put” by cutting rates in response to the stock market. Instead, it should carefully monitor conditions to determine when it will need to start raising the policy rate back towards its neutral level.
 
Jeffrey Sheen, Professor and Head of Department of Economics, Macquarie University, Editor, The Economic Record, CAMA:
“Monetary policy needs to avoid reversing recent currency falls.”
The current fragility in global stock markets appears to be more of a dash to liquidity than to value. It is likely an over-reaction to expected future interest rate increases, beginning with the federal funds rate perhaps this year. Nevertheless some downward adjustment was probably necessary because the boom in global stock prices generally did not mirror the sluggish recovery in the global real economy.
The trade-weighted Australian dollar has fallen about 15% in the last year, and fortunately has not risen with the recent competitive depreciations across Asia. Monetary policy needs to avoid reversing this contributor to Australia’s improved export competitiveness. In the current volatile financial environment, the RBA should maintain the current cash rate in September, though I have modestly increased the probability of a desirable cut.
Timo Henckel is research associate, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis at Australian National University and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/timo-henckel-990" target="_blank">here</a>.
 
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Timo Henckel

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